Chapter 12 & 13 QuizChapter 12: GroupsGroup: a collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree Social Facilitation: the effect of the presence of others on performance - Can enhance performanceo Performing a simple or well-learned task- Can inhibit performance o Performing a difficult or novel task - Occurs in the animal kingdom as well - 3 Factors of Social Facilitation: 1. Mere presence: simply having others around makes us very alert/vigilant, other agents can be unpredictable, we need to be able to act fast 2. Evaluation apprehension: if others can evaluate us, we have increased arousal, we don’t want to look bad, so we get amped up/nervous 3. Distraction-Conflict Theory: awareness of another person’s presence creates a conflict between attending to the person and the taska. If the task is well-learned, decreased attention to the task leads to good dominant responseb. If the task is novel or difficult, decreased attention leads to poor dominant response Social Loafing: exerting less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored due to presence of others- Participants who are more interdependent Group Decision Making- If the problem has a precise factual answer, group thinking is better, pooling unique knowledge = best chance of hitting the right answer- If the group’s most important goal is a correct decision, individual members may be more concerned with:o Being judged by otherso Pleasing the leadero Not hurting people’s feelingso Avoiding responsibility if things go wrong Group Think: style of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner- How can it be prevented?1. If group members need to remain impartial2. Group members must seek divergent opinions3. Create subgroups that meet separately beforehand4. Seek anonymous opinions5. Do anything else that could promote being correct/accurate/well-informed over maintaining solidarity Risky shift: groups tend to make risker decisions than individuals would make Group Polarization: group decisions tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals - More likely to occur when individuals already have strong opinions - Persuasive Arguments Account: when people share their ideas, everyone gets exposed to new arguments, these new arguments will strengthen your original opinion - Social Comparison Account: when you make a decision, you’re motivated to think it’sgood. If the decision calls for a risky choice, you want to think you were slightly risker than the average person (same for safe)- Valued Traits: Americans value risk-seeking, so risk elicits a halo effectElements of Power- Ability to control one’s own and others’ resources- Fundamental aspect of social relationso Power hierarchies make group interactions run smoothlyo Determines how resources will be divided - Status: respect and prominence from others (celebrity)- Authority: control over others that comes form institutionalized roles/arrangements(boss)- Dominance: behavior enacted with the goal of acquiring or demonstrating control over others (bully)Status vs. Power: as power increases, status increases. Very distinct Influence of Power on Behavior- Approach-Inhibition Theory of Power: power comes with a sense of control and freedomo High power action, approach, touching, doing stuffo Lower power inaction, inhibition, retreating - Perspective-Taking: high-power individuals are less likely to be able to take other people’s perspectives o Less emotional intelligenceo Less careful in judging others o Teasing behavior and dominance displays Deindividuation: a reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by increased impulsive behavior that occurs when people are in a large group - Large group:o Lower chance of any one person being singled outo People feel less accountable for actionso More compliance to group norms- Groups have emergent properties- Enhance by features that decrease identifiability (masks, uniforms, darkness)- Antecedent conditions  internal state (deindividuation) behavioral effects o Suicide Baiting: when observers urge suicidal individuals to commit suicides o War conduct: cultures that deindividuated before battle, were labeled as “high ferocity”, engaging in head-hunting, torture, killing civilians o Halloween: deindividuation led to stealing Self-Awareness Theory: when people focus attention on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to internal standards and values - Increased by putting someone in front of a mirrorIndividuation: enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self- Generally causes people to act carefully, deliberately, and in accordance with their values Spotlight Effect: the assumption that our own appearance and behaviors are being carefullyscrutinized by others at all times, when in fact, they typically are not Chapter 13: AggressionAggression: any action with the intent to harm- Hostile Aggression: motivated by anger, hostility, or genuinely wanting to hurt the other person- Instrumental Aggression: motivated by something other than hostility, like wanting to get attention, acquire resources, or advance a cause Situational Determinants of Aggression: influences in the environment that increase aggression- Heat: high temperatureso Increases physiological arousalo When people feel out, this experience automatically primes the emotion of angero When people encounter a situation that could provoke anger, they might misattribute this arousal to the situation, which amplifies the emotional reaction - Media/video gameso Social learning theory: people learn how to behave in social contexts by observing others and copying behaviors o The “Bobo Doll” Study: when people see others engaging in a certain kind of behavior they are more likely to subsequently do the same o Observational learning: adopting the behavior of otherso Modeling: engaging in a behavior in front of others o Only short-term effectso All evidence is correlational o Video games: Increases aggressive behavior Reduces prosocial behavior Increases aggressive thoughts Increases aggressive emotions Increases blood pressure - Weapon presence- Social rejectiono Social isolation o Higher levels of chronic physical pain - Income inequality o