2PSYC 201 Final Study GuideChapter 1-8: Refer to the Midterm Study GuideChapter 9: Social InfluenceWhat are the differences between conformity, compliance, and obedience? Conformity: Changing behavior in response to real or imagined pressure from others - Do as others doCompliance: Changing behavior by responding favorably to an explicit request - Do as others wantObedience: responding to an explicit request from someone who has power over you- Do as others command What is ideomotor action? Ideomoter Action: thinking about an action increases the likelihood of doing it- This is used as an explanation for priming - Explanation for Automatic Mimicry How does mimicry help to prepare people for social interaction? What kinds of people are more likely to automatically mimic others? Another Explanation of Automatic Mimicry: Preparation for Social Interaction- People who are mimicked are more prosocial afterwards- Mimicry may build social rapport and lead to more pleasant social interactionsPeople high in empathy or need to affiliate with others are more likely to automatically mimic others. Those from interdependent cultures are more likely to mimic What is informational social influence? What is the main underlying motivation for it (whatis it good for)?Informational Social Influence: using others’ behavior as valid information about what is appropriate in a situation - Ex: wearing casual clothes to class instead of suit and tie - Accuracy motive: we want to be right- Likely to occur wheno Situation is difficult or ambiguous o In other words, when we feel low in knowledge or competence about a task or topic, so we need help What is normative social influence? What is the main underlying motivation for it (what is it good for)? Normative Social Influence: using others’ behavior as guides for how to fit in and avoid disapproval - Ex: not supporting pre-marital sex since church members are against it - Conformity based on the desire to be liked or socially accepted when the situation is clear/unambiguous but one’s own beliefs conflict with group beliefs Which type of social influence causes public compliance? Which type of social influence causes private acceptance? How does each process work?Internalization (Private Acceptance): informational influence leads to this, the majority opinion/behavior, and actual change in your attitudes and beliefs Temporary Public Compliance: normative influence leads to this, with the majority opinion/behavior, without any change in your attitudes or beliefsWhat are some gender differences in research on gender and conformity?- Women tend to conform more—but only a bit- More pronounced in face-to-face interactions- Context-specific: conformity is strongly influenced by context – males conform in female related domains and vice versa What is the effect of group size on conformity? Is there a point when it levels off? If so, when?- Group size: larger groups have more informational and normative social influenceo As the number of individuals reporting an incorrect answer increases, conformity increaseso As group size reaches four people, conformity rates level offIn Milgram’s obedience studies, did most participants call attention to the learner’s suffering? Did they say they did not actually want to continue? Why is this important?Many participants tried to disobey Reactance Theory: people experience an unpleasant state of arousal when they believe their freewill is threatened, and they often act to reduce this discomfort by reasserting their prerogatives According to Milgram’s obedience studies, what factors can decrease obedience?Proximity to victim: as the learner becomes more salient (closer), conformity decreases- Touch proximity—the participant was required to force the learner’s hand onto the shock place, reduces obedience Proximity to authority: as the “authority” becomes less salient (farther), conformity decreases- Absent = authority gives orders via telephone What is the door-in-the-face technique? What is an example of what it looks like? Reciprocal concessions (door in the face) technique: requesting a very large favor that you know the target will decline, and then following it up with a more modest request for what you really want ExampleCondition 1: Chaperone a group of juvenile delinquents on a zoo day trip?Condition 2: Counsel juvenile delinquents 2 hours/week for 2 years? Followed by Chaperone a group of juvenile delinquents on a zoo day trip?Percent who agreed to chaperoneCondition 1: 17%Condition 2: 50%  The requester makes a concession, so you feel obligated to make a concession as well (from “no” to “yes”)What is the foot-in-the-door technique? What is an example of what it looks like?Foot In The Door: make a small, initial request that virtually everyone would agree to, and then follow it up with a larger request for what you really want ExampleCondition 1: “Will you display this large sign in your yard?”Condition 2: “Will you display this small sign in your window?” followed by “Will you display this large sign in your yard?” Percent who agreed to the large sign Condition 1: 17% Condition 2: 76%  Committing to the first act causes a change in your self-schema via self-perception. “If I agreed to the first one, then I must be the kind of person who supports this cause.” What is the that’s-not-all technique? What is an example of what it looks like?That’s Not All: adding something to an original offer Condition 1: 1 cupcake + 2 cookies, $0.75Condition 2: 1 cupcake for $0.75... “and we’ll throw in 2 cookies!” Percent who purchased: 40% vs. 73% The add-on feels like a gift. This elicits the norm of reciprocity. “If you are offering to give me something extra, I should offer something in return...like buying.” How is the Milgram study similar to the “foot-in-the-door” technique? You're asked to deliver a small shock. You do nothing happens. You gradually deliver more and more and it becomes easier to comply to the later requests. Chapter 10: RelationshipsWhat are two theoretical dimensions of attachment? Anxiety: amount of fear of rejection, abandonment Avoidance: level of comfort with intimacyWhat are the three main attachment styles? How do people with each style act in relationships?Secure- More likely to be married- Have fewer marital problems and report greatest satisfaction- Generally trusting- Infant: Actively explores the room when Mom is around, upset