PHYS/ENVI 360 Exam 1 Study Guide Dr. MikulaThe following is a list of concepts, facts, and processes that I expect you to understand. When I write the test, I base the questions off things in this list. Your best resources for studying the test material are the lecture notes and powerpoints, including clicker questions. The next best re-sources are the textbook and the HW Quizzes. The test will some mix multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, short answer, and extended response questions.Chapter 1• Know what constellations are and how the stars in a constellation are related.• Know the characteristics of a scientific model? How is a model tested with the scientific method?• Be able to use the celestial sphere model to explain the motion of the stars and other phenom-ena.• Be able to recognize and define the celestial poles, celestial equator, and the ecliptic.• Understand the importance of the ecliptic with regard to the motion of the sun, moon, and planets. Understand the role the zodiac constellations play in this.• Understand what causes the Earth’s seasons.• Know the characteristics of the equinoxes and solstices.• Understand the phases of the moon and how they relate to the position of the moon relative to the Earth and sun.• Understand the motion of the moon relative to the stars.• Know the difference between rotation and orbit.• Know the approximate periods for the orbits of the Earth and moon.• Understand eclipses, what causes them, their characteristics, their differences, and how often they occur.Chapter 2• Understand how the ancient astronomers were able to determine the following:• The Earth is round.• The size of the Earth and moon. • Understand angular size and the role it plays in studying the stars.• Understand geocentric vs heliocentric universes. Understand parallax and the role it played in this debate.• Understand the characteristics of the orbits of planets, both in general and relative to the mo-tion of the stars.• Be able to explain what retrograde motion is, what causes it in the geocentric model, and whatsupposedly caused it in the heliocentric model.• Know the importance of an AU, what it is, what it measures.PHYS/ENVI 360 Exam 1 Study Guide Dr. Mikula• Know the name of the last astronomer to believe the Earth was at the center of the universe and roughly how long ago this occurred.• Understand the concepts involved in Kepler’s Laws and their importance to astronomy.• Be able to perform a calculation using Kepler’s 3rd Law, involving periods in years and dis-tances in AU.• Know what Galileo was the first to do. Know his major discoveries and the basics of his conflictwith the Roman Catholic Church.• Understand Newton’s contributions to astronomy (more in Chapter 3)Chapter 3• Understand Newton’s Laws and the concepts included.• Inertia• Understand how forces, acceleration, and uniform/nonuniform motion are related.• Understand 3rd law interactions with bodies of different and similar sizes.• Understand Newton’s Law of Gravity • Understand that the orbital motion can help astronomers find the mass of the object.• Understand weight vs mass.• Understand the concept of surface gravity and be able to numerically compare the surface gravities of different planets. (I will give you the masses, radii, and the formula)• Understand escape velocity and its importance for both anyone who wants to go to space and for the formation of an atmosphere.Chapter 4• Understand the wave-particle duality of light, including both the wave and photon models.• Understand brightness and color within both models of light.• Understand the visible spectrum, and the frequencies/wavelengths/energies.• Understand how the wavelength, speed, and frequency of a wave are mathematically related. Be able to do a simple calculation.• Know what white light is.• Know the major areas of the electromagnetic spectrum, including trends for frequencies/wave-lengths/energies.• Understand how the entire electromagnetic spectrum is related.• Know about the discovery of infrared radiation.• Understand the basics of the Kelvin scale and how it differs from Fahrenheit and Celsius.• Understand how temperature and radiation are related, including color.• Know the structure of the atom, and of some of the important elements.• Understand the characteristics of electron orbitals and how the electrons can change orbital levels.PHYS/ENVI 360 Exam 1 Study Guide Dr. Mikula• Understand absorption, emission, and the role light plays in those processes.• Understand how we can identify different atoms by the light they emit.• Understand the types of spectra and how they are produced.• Understand atmospheric windows, and know which types of light are absorbed/transmitted through the atmosphere.• Understand the doppler shift with both light and sound.Chapter 5• Know the difference between light-gathering power and resolving power, and what goes into improving each one, and what limits each one.• Understand the fundamentals of a telescope, including reflection and refraction.• Understand what interferometers are and why astronomers use them.• Know the methods astronomers have used to record their observations through telescopes through the years.• Understand the major challenges of telescopes outside the visible spectrum, and the charac-teristics of false-color images.• Understand the role the atmosphere plays in where telescopes are located.• Understand the concept of atmospheric and how adaptive optics addresses this issue.• Understand how refraction distorts images from space and the role the horizon plays in this process.• Understand light pollution and the challenge it poses to astronomers.Other• Know the difference between a real image and a virtual image, including which was which in the MiniLab.• Know the name of the constellation from the first Stellarium and where it is located in the