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ISU ENVI 360 - Chapter 10

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Chapter 10JupiterInterior of JupiterAtmosphereGreat Red SpotMagnetic Field and AuroraRingsJupiter’s MoonsIoEuropaGanymede, Castillo, etcSaturnSaturn’s RingsRing StructureWhere do rings come from?Roche LimitSaturn’s MoonsTitanUranusStructureUranus is SidewaysRings and MoonsNeptuneStructure and AtmosphereRings and MoonsChapter 10The Jovian PlanetsJupiter•Orbits at 5 AU•Largest and most massive planet. (10x radius of Earth, 300x mass of Earth)•Parallel bands of clouds•Atmosphere of Hydrogen, Helium, and hydrogen-rich compoundsInterior of Jupiter•Density increases with depth•Smooth transition from gas to liquid•Liquid metallic hydrogen•Evidence supports solid core•30,000 K. •Emits more energy than it receives from the Sun.Atmosphere•Heated from within•Convection currents + Coriolis effect =•Very fast jet streamsGreat Red SpotMagnetic Field and Aurora•VERY strong magnetic field•20x Earth’s at surface, 20,000x underneath.•Similar features to Earth’s magnetosphere•Van Allen belts•AuroraRings•Very faint. Dust-sized particles.•Material must be replaced continually.Jupiter’s Moons•“Galilean Satellites”•Jupiter’s gravity heats the moons, evaporating ice content•Makes moons more dense•3.53 g/cc 2.99 g/cc 1.94 g/cc 1.85 g/ccIo•Tidally locked•Constantly changing orbit•Gravitational heating from Jupiter —> volcanic activityEuropa•Ice crust, liquid ocean underneath.•Cracks from gravitational interactions with Jupiter.•Where did that red color come from?Ganymede, Castillo, etc•Superficial similarities to our Moon•Ganymede has fewer craters than Castillo•Ganymede has a magnetic field•Outer moons have steeply tilted orbits, probably captured asteroidsSaturn•2nd largest, orbits at 10 AU•H and H rich compounds•95x mass of Earth, 9.5x radius of Earth•Emits more heat than it receives.Saturn’s Rings•Wide but very thin•Maxwell (yes, that Maxwell) demonstrated they couldn’t be solid —> must be a swarm of small objects•Mostly water ice, but some composition differencesRing Structure•Cassini Division: 3:1 resonance w/ Enceladus, 2:1 w/ Mimas•Many narrow gaps•Shepherding satellitesWhere do rings come from?Roche Limit•Similar to tidal forces.•Difference in gravity between close and far sides of orbiting satellites.Saturn’s Moons•61 moons total. Biggest ones in orbital plane.•Lower density because they retained their ice content.•Dark “stuff” on Iapetus. Enceladus has a smooth surface.Titan•Has an atmosphere (mostly N2)•Standing liquid on surface•“Bizzaro Earth”Uranus•19 AU•15x mass of Earth4x radius of Earth•Originally thought to be a cometStructure•Twice the density of Saturn, similar to Jupiter•Must have more heavy materials•Probably lots of water, ammonia and methane liquidUranus is Sideways•Gravitational tugs or MASSIVE CATASTROPHIC IMPACT•Explains lack of cloud bandsRings and MoonsNeptune•30 AU•3.9x radius of Earth17x mass of Earth•Discovered via irregularities in Uranus’ orbit•Galileo saw it first, but didn’t recognize it as a planetStructure and Atmosphere•Similar to Uranus•Know atmosphere from spectrum, know interior from density•Cloud bands like Jupiter and Saturn•Like all Jovian planets, it rotates very fastRings and Moons•6 small moons near planet, 7 further away•Triton orbits BACKWARDS (weird)•Probably captured from Kuiper belt. Flung other moons away.•Big and cold —> has an


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ISU ENVI 360 - Chapter 10

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