PHYS/ENVI 360 Midterm 3 Study Guide Dr. MikulaChapter 11• Know the difference between a meteor, a meteoroid, and a meteorite.• Know the types of meteorites.• Know where most asteroids live, both qualitatively and in terms of AU from the sun.• Know how big asteroids are and know the basics of their composition. (are they solid rock?)• Know the process that results in some asteroids being all rock while others are all metal.• Know what the Kirkwood gaps are and what causes them.• Know basic information about Ceres.• Know the main categories of Trans-Neptunian Objects, including plutoids and plutinos.• Know the components and composition of a comet.• Know where comets come from and how this affects their period.• Know the two tails of a comet and how each one forms.• Know how comets relate to meteor showers.• Know how we know that a meteorite killed the dinosaurs.Chapter 12• Know the characteristics and arrangement of the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona.• Know the characteristics of the core, radiative zone, and convection zone, including how the energy is transmitted.• Know the role hydrostatic equilibrium plays in stars.• Know the proton-proton chain, including all particles/photons produced.• Know how magnetic fields in the sun play a role in sunspots, prominences, flares, and coronal mass ejections.• Know the relative temperatures of the sun’s interior and atmosphere, including why the coronais so hot.• Know what the solar wind is and what causes it.• Know the details of the solar cycle, including its causes and effects on Earth.• Don’t forget about the Maunder Minimum.• Know whether or not sunspot activity can explain global warming.Chapter 13• Know Wein’s Law and how it relates temperature to color.• Know the difference between luminosity and brightness and how they’re related.• Know the Stefan-Boltzmann Law and what it means for a star’s luminosity.• Know the basics of the magnitude system.• Know how the temperature of a star affects which absorption lines will be seen in its spectrum.• Know the order of spectral classes from hot to cold, and know who discovered it.• Know how we use the doppler shift to determine a star’s motion.PHYS/ENVI 360 Midterm 3 Study Guide Dr. Mikula• Know the differences between visual, spectroscopic, and eclipsing binary stars.• Know how to read an HR Diagram, particularly how to determine the relative masses, lumi-nosities, sizes, and temperatures.Chapter 14• Know the basic life story for HMS and LMS, including stellar recycling.• Know the role of hydrostatic equilibrium in a star’s lifetime, especially the balancing act of gravity and fusion, including what happens when a given fuel runs out.• Know the characteristics of interstellar clouds and their role in star formation.• Know the characteristics of protostars, including bipolar flows and what a T Tauri star is.• Know the approximate range of stellar masses.• Know the basics of brown dwarfs.• Know the differences in how H is fused into He in HMS vs LMS.• Know how to calculate the main sequence lifetime of a star.• Know why red giants are so large, including the process that makes this happen.• Know the variable stars, including RR Lyrae, Cepheid Variables, and Pulsating Yellow Giants.• Know the role of the “helium flash” plays in a yellow giant’s existence.• Know that period and luminosity are related for variable stars.• Know what happens when a LMS dies, including planetary nebulae and white dwarfs.• Know about nucleosynthesis in HMS.• Know what happens when a HMS dies, including supernovas, neutron stars, and black holes.• Know how to determine the age of a star cluster from its HR diagram.Chapter 15• Know what masses of stars become white dwarfs / neutron stars / black holes.• Know the approximate temperature and composition of a white dwarf.• Know what can happen to a white dwarf in a binary system, including novas and type Ia su-pernovas.• Know the role the Chandrasekhar Limit plays in the previous bullet point.• Know how neutron stars are formed, including their composition and temperature.• Know why pulsars pulse.• Know the difference between the radio emission and non-thermal radiation produced by neu-tron stars.• Know what “glitches” are with regard to neutron stars and why they occur.• Know the differences between x-ray bursters, x-ray pulsars, and millisecond pulsars.• Know what a black hole is, both in terms of light and in terms of space-time.• Know what the event horizon and the Schwarzschild Radius are.• Know how black holes are formed.PHYS/ENVI 360 Midterm 3 Study Guide Dr. Mikula• Know what would happen if we replaced the sun with a black hole of the same mass.• Know the two main ways we observe black holes (x-rays from accretion disk, Hawking
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