PHYS/ENVI 360 Midterm 2 Study Guide Dr. MikulaChapter 6• Know why the Earth (and other celestial bodies) are round.• Know the shape of the Earth and its cause.• Know approximate values for the radius of the Earth.• Know the most common elements in the crust and in what form these minerals appear.• Understand how we use earthquake waves to determine the interior of the Earth.• Know the layers of the Earth’s interior, including a rough idea of how thick each layer is.• Understand differentiation and the role it played in making the Earth’s interior how it is.• Be able to do basic calculations with half-lives.• Understand how half-lives have helped us date the Earth, and know the age of the Earth.• Understand the cause of motions in the Earth’s interior and how this relates to crustal motion.• Know the supporting evidence for plate tectonics.• Know the characteristics of magnetic fields in general, and Earth’s magnetosphere in particu-lar (including Van Allen belts, auroras, polarity, and the concept of magnetic north)• Know basic properties of the Earth’s atmosphere, including composition and the main regions.• Understand the greenhouse effect and the hole in the ozone layer, including how these phe-nomena differ.• Know the most common ideas for how Earth got its atmosphere.• Understand the Coriolis effect and what effects this causes on Earth.• Understand what precession is and what it means for the orientation of Earth over extremely long time periods.Chapter 7• Know how the Moon’s gravity and size compare to Earth.• Know the basic features of the Moon’s surface (craters, rays, highlands, maria, rilles) and whatcauses each of these. Pay special attention to highlands and maria.• Know the basics of the Moon’s interior, and how this produces differences between the sides of the Moon.• Know why the Moon has no atmosphere.• Know the three major (incorrect) hypotheses about moon formation and what these predict.• Know the accepted hypothesis for the formation of the moon, and how this explains odd fea-tures of the Moon’s orbit and composition.• Understand the role gravity plays in creating the tides, including Lunar and Solar tides.• Understand tidal braking and its eventual results.• Know that we actually landed on the Moon. Conspiracy theories = zero points.Chapter 8• Know the basics of the sun (power source, the role of gravity) and its composition.PHYS/ENVI 360 Midterm 2 Study Guide Dr. Mikula• Know the eight planets and which of the two major categories they fall into.• Know the relative sizes of the orbits of the planets (in AU).• Understand why Pluto is no longer a planet.• Know the location and composition of asteroids.• Understand the basics of the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud, including how this relates to comets.• Know about the rotation and orbit of planets/dwarf planets/comets, that they are generally the same, but know which ones are the exceptions.• Do NOT waste any time on Bode’s Rule.• Understand how we can determine the composition of planets without visiting them, including the role of density. • Understand the inherent limitations of using density to determine composition.• Know the main difference (density) between inner and outer planets.• Understand Solar Nebula Theory. (Including the supporting evidence, what was there before the solar nebula, how the disk formed. In particular, make sure you understand the role con-densation played in making the Terrestrial and Jovian planets so different)• Understand why the asteroid belt never formed into a planet.• Understand how moons formed and how this is similar to the formation of planets.• Know the characteristics of planets that have atmospheres. (What do you need to have an at-mosphere?)• Know the four main methods of detecting exoplanets, and which types of planets each methodis best and finding.Chapter 9• For all planets, know rough ideas of how their size and mass compare to Earth.• Mercury‣Understand what scarps are and how they formed‣Know about the Caloris basin and the physical features it caused, including chaotic terrain.‣Understand why Mercury has no atmosphere.‣Know the basics of Mercury’s interior, including why there are so few silicates.‣Know about Mercury’s weird orbit and the role resonance played in creating it.• Venus‣Know the basics of the atmosphere of Venus, including the role of convection caused by so-lar heating. (Vortexes!)‣Know how the greenhouse effect has affected Venus.‣Know that venus is largely rolling plains of lava fields, and the basic characteristics of the highlands.PHYS/ENVI 360 Midterm 2 Study Guide Dr. Mikula‣Understand the role volcanic activity played in shaping Venus’ surface.‣Know the basics of Venus’ interior and why the crust is thicker than Earth’s.‣Know about Venus’ rotation, including why it’s different than everything else.• Mars‣Know the most important features of the Martian surface (Valles Marineris, Tharsis Bulge, Olympus Mons, polar ice caps)‣Know how the Tharsis Bulge and Valles Marineris are thought to be related.‣Know the support for Mars once having water.‣Understand the recent discovery of actual running water on the Martian surface.‣Know the basics of the Martian atmosphere, especially where it all went.‣Know the basics of the Martian interior, and the fact that it’s very quiet.‣Know the names of the Martian moons.‣Understand the 5 main reasons that the Terrestrial planets are so different. Chapter 10• For all planets, know rough ideas of how their size and mass compare to Earth.• Jupiter‣Know the composition of the atmosphere and clods.‣Know the features of the interior, including temperature, the solid core, the role of pressure, and liquid metallic hydrogen.‣Know the causes of Jupiter’s strong jet streams, and the role these played in creating the Great Red Spot.‣Know about Jupiter’s very strong magnetic field, including similarities to our own.‣Know that Jupiter has rings.‣Know the names of the 4 Galilean Satellites.‣Know the trend in densities of these moons, including the role Jupiter’s gravity played in making things this way.‣Know the basic characteristics of each of the 4 Galilean moons.• Saturn‣Know the composition of the atmosphere and rings.‣Know characteristics of the rings (thinness, not a solid object, etc)‣Understand the role of resonance