AmygdalaAndrogensAnorexia nervosaAt what age do our brains have the most neurons and synapses?Body imageBrain plasticityBulimia nervosaCephalocaudal trendCerebellumCerebral cortexCorpus callosumDistance curveDominant cerebral hemisphereepiphysesEstrogenExperience-expectant brain growthGlial cellsGrowth falteringGrowth hormone (GH)HippocampusHow can diarrhea be prevented?KwashiorkorLateralizationLeft hemisphereMarasmusMenarcheNeuronsNeurotransmittersNeyotenyObesityPituitary glandPrefrontal cortexPrimary sexual characteristicsProgrammed cell deathProximodistal trendPsychosocial dwarfismPubertyReticular formation and frontal cortexRight hemisphereSecondary sexual characteristicsSecular trends in physical growthSkeletal ageSpermarcheSubcorticalSynapsesSynaptic pruningSynaptogenesisThyroid - stimulating hormone (TSH)velocity curveWhat areas of the brain are most developed at birth?What are some of the basis of differences in pubertal growth?What are the consequences of obesity?What are the long-term effects of malnutrition?What can happen if Thyroid - stimulating hormone (TSH) problems are not immediately fixed?What is the order of female puberty maturation?What is the order of male puberty maturation?When does body size change rapidly occur?When does the main growth of the brain occur?Chapter 5 Vocabulary – CD0001Amygdala located in the inner brain; emotional learning Androgens male hormones Anorexia nervosa starving oneself because of a compulsive fear of getting fat; consequences include heat problems, kidney failure, brain/bone damage At what age do our brains have the most neurons and synapses? Infancy Body image conception of and attitude towards physical appearance; self-esteem predictor Brain plasticity a highly plastic cerebral cortex has a high capacity for learning; if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled Bulimia nervosastrict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives Cephalocaudal trend "head to tail" - the head develops first from the primitive embryonic disk, followed by the lower part of the body Cerebellum a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement; automatic functions (breathing) Cerebral cortex surrounds brain - walnut, largest brain structure & contains the greatest number of neurons and synapse; last part of brain to stop growing; perception, language, cognition Corpus callosum a large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres --> smooth motor coordination and integration of cog activities (peak at 3-6 years) Distance curve plots the average size of a sample of children at each age; shows yearly progress toward maturity Dominant cerebral hemispherecapacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action; reflected by hand preference epiphyses special growth centers at the two extreme ends of long bones of the body; cartilage is produced here; disappear after childhood - no more bone length possible Estrogen female hormones Experience - dependent brain growth occurs throughout our lives - it consists of additional growth and refinementof established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely Experience-expectant brain growth depends on ordinary experiences/naturally - opportunities to interact w/ people, hear language and other sounds, see and touch objects, and move about and explore the environment Glial cells responsible for myelination; half of brain's volume; multiply rapidly through second year Growth falteringbelow aged growth norms often due to a disturbed parent - infant relationship; cold parents = abnormal baby feeding = increased parental stress Growth hormone (GH) the only pituitary secretion produced continuously throughout life, affects development of all tissues EXCEPT the central nervous system and the genitals; increases at puberty, indirectly triggers cell duplication 1GE-1 Hippocampus inner brain structure; memory and spatial orientation How can diarrhea be prevented? zinc supplements and oral rehydration therapy Hypothalamus a structure that initiates and regulates pituitary secretions Kwashiorkor unbalanced diet, very low in protein - between 1 and 3 years of age; belly enlarges, feet swell, rash Lateralization specialization of the two hemispheres at birth Left hemispherecontrols right side of body, verbal activity, positive emotion; sequential and analytic Marasmus caused by low-nutrient diet; appears in the first year of life when a baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is also inadequate Menarche first menstruation myelination the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (called myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer Neurons nerve cells that store and transmit information; 100-200 billion Neurotransmitters chemicals released by neurons to send messages to one another across synapses Neyoteny looking young (hairless, cheeks, large eyes)Obesity a greater than 20% increase over healthy weight, based on body mass index- a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat Pituitary gland release the most important hormones for human growth and is located at the base of brain Prefrontal cortex executive; lying in the front of areas of controlling body movement, is responsible for thought (consciousness, attention, inhibition of impulses, integration of info, and use of memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies); accelerated growth during school years and adolescencePrimary sexual characteristics involve the reproductive organs directly Programmed cell death makes space for these connective structures - as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die - 20 to 80 % depending on brain region Proximodistal trend growth proceeds literally from "near to far" - from center of the body outward - in the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and legs, finally hands and feet. During infancy and childhood the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feetPsychosocial dwarfism a growth disorder that appears between 2 and 15 years of age; due to extreme emotional deprivation, typical characteristics include decreased GH secretion, short stature, immature skeletal age, and adjustment problems Puberty adult-sized body & capable of producing offspring Reticular formation and frontal cortex