Chapter 3 Study Guide – Introduction to Child Development (CD0001)Mitosis: Cell's division of the nucleus. Final product is 2 cells that are exactly like the parent cell; single cell duplicationMeosis: The process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half; hereditary differentiationZygote: When gametes combine; 46 chromosomesGenetic Counseling: Helps assess chances of birth with a hereditary disorder; older women and those with fertility issues are commonPrenatal Diagnostic Methods: Detect developmental problems before birthAmnion: Forms from trophoblast; cushions and provides content temperature; 7th-9th dayChorion: Surrounds amnion, villi (blood vessels); 14th dayTeratogens have the largest effect during what period of prenatal development? Embryonic period because the body foundation is formingEnvironmental Pollution Effects: Deformities, retardation, lessened coordination, brain damage, lower birth weight, cancerDilation and Effacement of Cervix: longest stage; contractions occur and cervix opensWhile contractions are occurring... Stress hormones are intensified and blood is sent to the brain and heart. This allows the lungs to absorb fluid so baby will be able to breathe one born and increases baby's alertnessTypes of Natural Child Birth: Upright & Waterbirth - both have decreased labor time and overall higher apgar scores form social supportAnalgestics: Help mother relax during laborAnesthetics: Block sensations (ex: epidural blocks pelvic pain)Negatives of Anesthetics: Weakens uterine contractions and lowers apgar scoresAnoxia: Can cause brain damage; occurs if in breech positionRh Factor Incompatibility: Mother & child have different blood types; decreases oxygen levels and can cause mental retardation, death, and/or heart damageWhat is considered "premature?": More than 3 weeks early or less than 5.5 lbsPreterm Infants: Born before due dateSmall for Date Infants: UnderweightBehavioral Genetics: Uncovering nature-nurture contributions to trait diversityHeritability Estimate: measures to what extent individual difference in traits are geneticKinship Studies: Compare family members' characteristics (ex: genetic factors in personality/intelligence through fraternal vs. identical twin studies)Gene-Environment Interaction: Because of our genes, we differ in responses to environmentsEpigenesis: Development resulting from ongoing bidirectional exchange (ex: between genes and environment)Prenatal Development Stages: 1st Trimester: zygote, embryo, fetus ; 2nd: fetus; 3rd: fetusZygote: Single Cell multiplies to form blastocystEmbryo: Organs begin to develop along with external body structures; huron production begins; embryo can move; sense of touchFetus: changes rapidlyHuman Genome Project: Identifies genes and understands disorders/functions associated with themPolygenic Inheritance: An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. (In humans, height, weight, and skin color are examples)Chromosomal Abnormalities result from... Meiosis mistakesAllele: Form of a geneHomozygous: 2 of the same alleles from both parentsHeterozygous: Dominant-recessive (DD, bb), carriers (Db),Modifier Genes: Enhance or dilute gene's effectsX-Linked Inheritance: More likely to occur in males because their chromosomes do not match; carried on X chromosomeVermix: Covers skin to prevent chappingLanguo: Downy hair that helps vermin stickAge of Viability: Point at which baby can survive (between 22 and 26 weeks @ 3rd trimester)FAS: Slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, brain injuryPFAS: Some facial abnormalities & brain injuryARND: Brain injury (cognitive impairment)Incomplete Dominance: Both alleles blend to express in phenotype (pink flower)Codominance: A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed (separate effects)Genomic Imprinting: Alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, so that one pair member (either the mother's or the father's) is activated, regardless of its makeup.Canalization : The tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes (ex: motor development)Gene-Environment Correlation: Genes influence the environments to which we are exposedPassive Correlation (G-E Corr): Child has no control; parents provide environment (youngest ages)Evocative Correlation (G-E Corr): Child evokes responses that are influenced by his or her heredity, and these responses strengthen the child's original style (young ages)Active Correlation (G-E Corr):Seek environment that fits genetic tendencies AKA niche picking (older ages of childhood)Chapter 3 Study Guide – Introduction to Child Development (CD0001)- Mitosis: Cell's division of the nucleus. Final product is 2 cells that areexactly like the parent cell; single cell duplication - Meosis: The process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half; hereditary differentiation - Zygote: When gametes combine; 46 chromosomes - Genetic Counseling: Helps assess chances of birth with a hereditarydisorder; older women and those with fertility issues are common - Prenatal Diagnostic Methods: Detect developmental problems before birth - Amnion: Forms from trophoblast; cushions and provides content temperature; 7th-9th day - Chorion: Surrounds amnion, villi (blood vessels); 14th day - Teratogens have the largest effect during what period of prenatal development? Embryonic period because the body foundation is forming - Environmental Pollution Effects: Deformities, retardation, lessened coordination, brain damage, lower birth weight, cancer - Dilation and Effacement of Cervix: longest stage; contractions occur and cervix opens- While contractions are occurring... Stress hormones are intensified and blood is sent to the brain and heart. This allows the lungs to absorb fluid so baby will be able to breathe one born and increases baby's alertness - Types of Natural Child Birth: Upright & Waterbirth - both have decreased labor time and overall higher apgar scores form social support - Analgestics: Help mother relax during labor - Anesthetics: Block sensations (ex: epidural blocks pelvic pain) - Negatives of Anesthetics: Weakens uterine contractions and lowers apgar scores - Anoxia: Can cause brain damage; occurs if in breech position - Rh Factor Incompatibility: Mother & child have different blood types; decreases oxygen levels and can