Chapter 4 Vocabulary – CD0001affordancesamodal sensory propertiesClassical conditioningconditioned responseconditioned stimulus (CS)contrast sensitivitydifferentiation theoryDrowsinessdynamic systems theory of motor developmentextinctionfamiliarity preferencehabituationHow do children's taste preferences change?imitationintermodal perceptionLearningMilestones of reaching/grapsingmirror neuronsmorro reflexNeonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAs)Non - rapid - eye - movement (regular sleep)novel preferenceoperant conditioningpalmar graspperceptual narrowing effectpincer graspprereachingproprioceptionpunishmentQuiet alertnessRapid - eye - movementrecoveryReflexreinforcerScreening outshape constancysize constancySleep is affected by...States of arousalstatistical learning capacitySudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)Tonic neck reflexulnar graspunconditioned stimulus (UCS)visual acuityvisual cliffWaking activty and cryingWhat is slow wave sleep?What is the function of sleep?What is the purpose of baby fat?What noises are preferred at birth?What speech is preferred?Which sense is least developed at birth?Why is breastfeeding good?Chapter 4 Vocabulary – CD0001affordances guide perception; the action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities [when you learn a new skill in one domain, there are new opportunities to learn] amodal sensory properties info that overlaps two or more sensory systems (rate, rhythm intensity); newborns partially have this ability Classical conditioning neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response - once the baby's nervous system makes the connection between the two stimuli, the new stimuli produces the behavior by itself; survival value conditioned response the neutral stimulus (CS) and the response it elicits conditioned stimulus (CS) if learning has occurred, the neutral stimulus alone produces a response to the reflexive response = the neutral stimulus contrast sensitivity explains early pattern preferences; babies can detect the contrast in two or more patternsdifferentiation theory infants actively search for invariant features of the environment - those that remain stable - in a constantly changing perceptual world Drowsiness infant is either falling asleep or waking up dynamic systems theory of motor development mastery of motor skills involves acquiring complex systems of actions; abilities cooperate to increase overall efficacy extinction if CS is presented alone enough times w/out being paired with the UCS, the CR will no longer occur familiarity preference assesses remote memory habituation a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to the repetitive stimulation How do children's taste preferences change? enjoy sweet until 4 months, where they then like saltyimitation by coping the behavior of another person intermodal perception (how we make sense of our senses) - we make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste info, perceiving them as integrated wholes Learning refers to changes in behavior as the result of experience Milestones of reaching/grapsing prereaching, ulnar grasp, transfer from hand to hand, pincer (by 9 months) mirror neurons specialized cells in cerebral cortex - fire identically when a primate hears orseas an action and when it carries out those actions on its own; as early as 6months morro reflex sudden drop = baby throws and brings in arms Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAs) evaluates the baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness tophysical and social stimuli and other reactions; helps increase understanding of cultural and individual differences in newborn behaviorNon - rapid - eye - movement (regular sleep) the body is almost motionless and heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and even novel preference recovery of new stimulus; assesses recent memory operant conditioning infants act, operate, on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again palmar grasp Baby makes a fist and tries to grab finger perceptual narrowing effect decline in the ability to perceive some things to which they are not often exposed (race/gender) pincer grasp infants use the thumb and index finer in a well coordinated grasp prereaching poorly coordinated swipes newborns make; drops out after 7 weeksproprioception sense of movement and location punishment removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response Quiet alertness Inactive body with even breathing and attentiveness Rapid - eye - movement brain-wave activity, measured w/ EEG, is remarkably similar to that of the waking state, the eyes dart beneath the lids, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing are uneven, and slight body movements occur recovery a new stimulus - a change in environment - causes the habituated response to return to a high level, an increase Reflex is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation reinforcer a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a responseScreening out babies screen out sounds that are not used in their languages shape constancy perception of an object's shape as stable, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina size constancy perception of an object's size are the same, despite changes in the size of itsretinal image Sleep is affected by... birth order, diet, childrearing practices States of arousal degrees of sleep and wakefulness statistical learning capacity enables infant to detect speech patterns on which they will later place meanings Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) the unexpected death, usually during the night of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigationTonic neck reflex Lying on his back with head turned to one side; When the face is turned to one side, the arm and leg on the side to which the face is turned extend and the arm and leg on the opposite side flex. ulnar grasp a clumsy motion in which the baby's fingers close against the palm unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must consistently produce a reflexive or unconditioned response (UCR) visual acuity clearness of vision visual cliff designed by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk and used in the earliest studies of depth perception - it consists of a Plexiglass covered table with a platform at the center Waking activty and crying irregular