The legacy of functionalism: Clinical and Industrial PsychologyThe Clinical Psychology MovementLightner WitmerSlide 4Clinics for Child EvaluationLeading by ExampleThe Profession of Clinical PsychologyThe Industrial-Organizational Psychology MovementWalter Dill ScottSlide 10Advertising and Human SuggestibilitySlide 12Employee SelectionWhy Haven’t We Heard of Him?Contributions to PsychologyThe Hawthorne Studies and Organizational IssuesSlide 17Contributions of Women to I/O PsychologyHugo Munsterburg (1863-1916)Hugo MunsterburgSlide 21Forensic Psychology and Eyewitness TestimonyPsychotherapyIndustrial PsychologySlide 25Other ControversySlide 27Applied Psychology in the United States: A National ManiaFactors that Led to FunctionalismResults of FunctionalismDiscussion QuestionsSlide 32Slide 33MONDAY, FEBRUARY 23RD, 2015THE LEGACY OF FUNCTIONALISM: CLINICAL AND INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYTHE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY MOVEMENT•Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)LIGHTNER WITMER•Went into psychology for economic reasons – he was getting his PhD at Penn in philosophy when an assistantship opened up in Cattell’s lab•Went on to study with Wundt–Was classmates with Titchener–Wasn’t so good at the introspective method and would have rather been studying individual differences•His interest in the psychology of pain led him to apply psychology to abnormal behavior•He got his chance with the shift in application of psychology to educationLIGHTNER WITMER•Opened the world’s first psychology clinic in 1896–Not psychotherapy!–Instead, assessed and treated learning and behavioral problems (more akin to current school psychology than clinical psychology)–Importantly, he was a functionalist who believed psychology should be used to help people solve problems•Founded the journal Psychological Clinic in 1907CLINICS FOR CHILD EVALUATION•There was a complete absence of precedence, so Witmer kind of had to make things up as he went along•As he developed a more standard protocol, he added doctors, social workers, and psychologists to his staff–He acknowledged that physical ailments may provide answers for behavioral concerns•At first he thought genetics were to blame, but then he saw the effect the environment had on these kids–Felt enrichment of experience was necessary to help themLEADING BY EXAMPLE•By 1914, there were almost 20 psychology clinics open in the U.S.•Clinics like Witmer’s would eventually evolve into clinics where therapy was provided, often in addition to help with educational concernsTHE PROFESSION OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY•Even after Freud, this field grew slowly•Few graduate programs for clinical psychology, few jobs•It was WWII that would bring appeal to clinical psychology–With the opening of VA hospitals, the need for clinical psychologists was great–The focus of the field turned from children to adults–More graduate programs were available, economic opportunity for clinical psychologists improvedTHE INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY MOVEMENT•Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955)WALTER DILL SCOTT•Raised a farm boy, very aware of the importance of efficiency•Went to school to become a missionary, but he couldn’t find a job•Turned to psychology – he was so frugal that he had enough money saved to study with Wundt in Germany•When he returned to Illinois, he was an instructor of psychology with an emphasis in educationWALTER DILL SCOTT•A few years later, an ad exec asked him to use what he knew about psychology to make advertising more effective•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtvHNfomZL8ADVERTISING AND HUMAN SUGGESTIBILITY•In a Wundtian manner, Scott embraced the use of sensation as a window for advertising–“Advertisements are sometimes spoken of as the nervous system of the business world. The advertisement of musical instruments which contains nothing to awaken images of sounds is a defective advertisement. As our nervous system is arranged to give us all the possible sensations from every object, so the advertisement which is comparable to the nervous system must awaken in the reader as many different kinds of images as the object itself can excite” (quoted in Jacobson, 1951, p. 75)ADVERTISING AND HUMAN SUGGESTIBILITY•Scott believed that consumers do not act rationally•Emotion, sympathy, and sentimentality are all irrational influences•Women, of course, were more suggestible than men•Advocated for the use of direct commands and making the buyers make quick decisionsEMPLOYEE SELECTION•Scott eventually moved to personnel selection and management•Scott made rating scales and group tests to test characteristics of people who were already successful in certain occupations (business, military, sales, etc.)•Ranked job applicants similarly•Constructed intelligence tests designed for group use because it was more efficient–Interested less in intelligence than how a person used their intelligence (applied!) –Compared to those already successful in their fieldWHY HAVEN’T WE HEARD OF HIM?•Made no theories•Founded no school of thought•Trained no core of students•Conducted few experiments•Published rarely•Did most of his work for private corporationsCONTRIBUTIONS TO PSYCHOLOGY•Was the first to apply psychology to personnel selection, management, and advertising•Founded the first psychological consulting company•Author of the first book in I/O psychology•First to hold the title of professor of applied psychology•He felt that the work of applied psychologists was helpful for advancing the field - it demonstrated the worth of psychology•This increased funding for experimental research•Win win!THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES•Research done at the Western Electric Company at its Hawthorne plant in Illinois broadened the scope of I/O psychology•Before, it had been about matching the right person to the right job•This new research investigated the effects of the physical work environment on the efficiency of the employeesTHE HAWTHORNE STUDIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES•They found that social and psychological aspects were far more important than physical conditions–Behavior of leaders–Informal work groups–Employee attitudes–Communication patterns–Other factors that influenced motivation, productivity, and satisfactionCONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO I/O PSYCHOLOGY•I-O Psych typically female-friendly•Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972)•First woman to earn her PhD in I-O
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