Psychoanalysis: AntecedentsThe Development of Psychoanalysis“The Three Great Shocks to the Collective Human Ego”So Where Are We?Slide 5A Little Bit DifferentPsychoanalysisWhy Weren’t These Things Studied Before in Psychology?Antecedent Influences on PsychoanalysisPhilosophy’s InfluenceSlide 11Slide 12Early Ideas about PsychopathologySlide 14Slide 15More Humane TreatmentPhilippe PinelDorothea Dix (1802-1887)Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)Somatic vs. Psychic TreatmentThe Influence of Charles DarwinSlide 22Additional InfluencesSlide 24Discussion QuestionsSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30MONDAY, APRIL 6TH, 2015PSYCHOANALYSIS: ANTECEDENTSTHE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS•Psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud are what many people think of when they think of psychology•Freud was on the cover of Time magazine three times, and later on Newsweek•He was not only important as a psychologist, but as a human being who changed the way we think about ourselves“THE THREE GREAT SHOCKS TO THE COLLECTIVE HUMAN EGO”•1. Copernicus – earth was not the center of the universe, there were in fact other planets along with the Earth that were revolving around the sun•2. Charles Darwin – we are not a unique and separate species with a privileged place in creation but only a higher form of animal species that evolved from lower forms of animal life•3. Freud – we are not the rational rulers of our lives but are under the influence of unconscious forcesSO WHERE ARE WE?•Freud published his first book on psychoanalysis in 1895•Wundt was old, Titchener was just getting started at Cornell•Functionalism was just picking up steam•Neither behaviorism nor Gestalt psychology were around yet (the founders were still teenagers)SO WHERE ARE WE?•By the time Freud died in 1939, psychology looked completely different•Wundt, Titchener, and functionalist psychology were kind of old news•Behaviorism was dominant in the U.S., Gestalt was working on the move from Germany to the U.S.A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT•Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and Gestalt all had their roots in Wundtian psychology•All were developed in labs and lecture halls, all dealt with sensation, perception, and learning•Psychoanalysis on the other hand came from medicine and psychiatry – attempts at treating the mentally illPSYCHOANALYSIS•Subject matter: psychopathology, the unconscious (vs. structures, functions, learning, perception, sensation, behavior, etc.)•Method: clinical observation (vs. introspection, objective methods)WHY WEREN’T THESE THINGS STUDIED BEFORE IN PSYCHOLOGY?•The unconscious couldn’t be introspected, so structuralists were distinterested•Functionalists were interested in consciousness, not unconsciousness•Behaviorists hated any notion of consciousness or unconsciousness•Thus, it was up to Freud to bring the unconscious to psychologyANTECEDENT INFLUENCES ON PSYCHOANALYSIS•Three major sources of influence•1. Philosophical speculations about the unconscious•2. Early ideas about psychopathology•3. Evolutionary theoryPHILOSOPHY’S INFLUENCE•Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)•Threshold of consciousness•In order to pass from unconscious to conscious, the idea had to be congruent with what was already in consciousness; if not congruent, they stay below the threshold of consciousness•Conflict occurs as inhibited ideas that remain below conscious awareness struggle to pass the thresholdPHILOSOPHY’S INFLUENCE•Gustav Fechner (hey old friend!)•Introduced the “consciousness is like an iceberg” thing that really influenced Freud•Much of the mind occurs below the surface of conscious awareness, where it is influenced by unobservable forces•Freud quoted Fechner a lot in his writingsPHILOSOPHY’S INFLUENCE•The European Zeitgeist in philosophy in the 1880s supported the study of the unconscious•Philosophy of the Unconscious (Hartman, 1869/1884) was published in nine editions! •Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1889, showing the public’s interest in the idea of unconscious forces•So Freud was hardly the first guy to talk about the unconscious mind, but he claimed to be the first to discover a scientific way to study itEARLY IDEAS ABOUT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY•Because Freud’s was not an outgrowth of experimental psychology, his movement wasn’t in opposition to Wundt, Titchener, etc.•Instead, his point of opposition was the way mental disorders had been treated in medical professions in the pastEARLY IDEAS ABOUT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY•As far back as 2000 B.C., Babylonians thought mental illness was caused by demons •Ancient Hebrew cultures viewed mental illness as punishment for sin•Greek philosophers argued that mental illness sprung from disordered thought processes (they introduced kind of a talk therapy)•With the rise of Christianity, mental illness was again viewed as evil, and it was “treated” and “cured” with torture and executionEARLY IDEAS ABOUT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY•By the 18th century, mental illness was viewed as irrational behavior•Those with mental illness were put in institutions, called asylums, and little attempt at treatment was made•“Cemeteries for the still living”MORE HUMANE TREATMENT•French physician Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) is usually credited with the push for humane treatment of the mentally illPHILIPPE PINEL•Thought mental illness was a natural phenomenon and could therefore be treated by methods of natural science•He took a very methodical approach to treatment, maintaining patient records and recording data on cure rates – which rose dramatically with more humane treatment•Many institutions followed suit, and humane treatment became more commonplace•“Scientific enlightenment resulted in the treatment of human beings as machines that, when broken, needed to be fixed. This repair was to take place in insane asylums equipped with gadgets and apparatuses reflective of the industrial inventions of the industrial revolution” (Brems et al., 1991, p. 12)DOROTHEA DIX (1802-1887)•Meanwhile in the U.S., Dorothea Dix was also influenced by Pinel•Suffered from depression herself•Petitioned in the legislature for humane treatment of the mentally ill in the United StatesBENJAMIN RUSH (1745-1813)•Was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence!•Opened the first formal psychiatry practice in the U.S. •A big mechanist, thought mental illness could be fixed strictly biologically
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