PHIL 148a 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Embryos Personhood starts at conceptiono Marquis** If you can kill a fetus, then why can’t you kill an infant, a suicidal teenager or a comatose adult? Futures can be valuable, even if the individual does not realize it at the time Discontinuation account: killing is wrong because it discontinues the valuable experience of the livingo Buckley An egg is already just like us in that it has the potential to become a complete human being Personhood has certain qualificationo Steinbock** Possession of interests is basic qualification for moral status Conscious awareness is sufficient for development of interests Conflict between woman & fetuso Thomson** Regardless of fetus’s right to life, it does not have right to woman’s body One’s right to life does not entail access to everything one might need to support that life Violinist exampleGenetic Selection Savulescu**o Moral obligation to enhance children to ensure better offspringo If you do not take advantage of opportunities to help children, you are responsible for their failures Ludwig**o The traditional shape of the body is a piece of common heritage & should not be changed except for cases of huge sufferingo Social norms are dependent on the human body & if we are able to change it it will negatively affect social systemsCloning Tooleyo Cloning mindless organ banks What is wrong about killing when there is no brain or soul?o Creating another human being Does have drawbacks, but overall is a benefit to societyAssisted Reproduction Baby Mo Paid surrogacy contracts are bad because: “Illegal, perhaps criminal, & degrading to women” No regard for interests of the child Is used for benefit of rich at expense of poor Forces woman to give up what she doesn’t know if she’ll value- not truly informed Vellemano Best to be raised by biological parentso Help with identity formationo Helps avoid alienation: learning to love the faces we look intoo Helps avoid existential crisis: we know our role and location in chain of reproductiono People are capable of forming attachments to unknown figuresOrgan Donation Harriso Randomly select an individual for organ donationo Everyone has same slim chance of being choseno Would actually lower death tolls Reschero Criteria of inclusion Normal clientele boundaries Can this help research? Will they survive?o Criteria of selection Likelihood of success Life expectancy Family role Prospective service Retrospective service Veacho Slice of life allocation Who’s worse at a given timeo Over-lifetime allocation Accumulation of sufferingo Debate of use of age in resource allocation Lockwoodo QALY: quality adjusted life yearso How many years will they live and will those years be of qualityo Should use these but with justice constraints, cheaper treatments that have best quality of life will get all the money, instead of others that will allow people to live Danielso People discriminate against the elderly & it leads to a competition for healthcareo Should appropriately allocate healthcare over an entire lifespan so it rotects fair shares of normal opportunity range at each stage of lifePublic Health Hidalgoo Active recruitment of health workers is permissible if They voluntarily consent to the employment Terms and working conditions are fair It doesn’t violate any moral obligations of any 3rd parties by enabling harmor facilitating wrongdoing Barnardo Access to medical care is restricted because profit-seeking pharmaceutical companies and incompetent local governments are wrongfully blamedo Rich countries are the ones who should help Self-interest: diseases can undermine productivity and global markets Justice: rich countries are responsible for plight of poor nationsMedical Experimentation Tannsjoo Doctor cannot place patient in situation where they are likely to make an irrational decisiono Different philosophical views reflect the morality of the experiment Utilitarianism: although there are deaths, there is an overall greater benefit Deontology: the risks of dying and harm are never worth taking Singero Humans are not really all equal, different races, sexes religions etc., but we say sobecause we are “speciesists”o Capacity for suffering: criterion for equal treatment; if animals can suffer as much as humans do, why don’t they get treated the same?o If we use this criterion, experimentation on animal is morally injustInformed Consent Millo People should make their own health decisiono People should have freedom unless their decision will hurt someone else Veatcho Consent is insufficient; people need to be actively involved in all aspects of their healthcareo Doctors and patients should pair deep values (social, religious, political, philosophical etc.) so that the doctor will appropriately decide based on shared values  Savulescuo Basic elements of autonomous choice: Knowledge of relevant, available information about all available options No errors of logic Vivid imagination of all available