PHIL 148a 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 1 12 Embryos Personhood starts at conception o Marquis If you can kill a fetus then why can t you kill an infant a suicidal teenager or a comatose adult Futures can be valuable even if the individual does not realize it at the time Discontinuation account killing is wrong because it discontinues the valuable experience of the living o Buckley An egg is already just like us in that it has the potential to become a complete human being Personhood has certain qualification o Steinbock Possession of interests is basic qualification for moral status Conscious awareness is sufficient for development of interests Conflict between woman fetus o Thomson Regardless of fetus s right to life it does not have right to woman s body One s right to life does not entail access to everything one might need to support that life Violinist example Genetic Selection Savulescu o Moral obligation to enhance children to ensure better offspring o If you do not take advantage of opportunities to help children you are responsible for their failures Ludwig o The traditional shape of the body is a piece of common heritage should not be changed except for cases of huge suffering o Social norms are dependent on the human body if we are able to change it it will negatively affect social systems Cloning Tooley o Cloning mindless organ banks What is wrong about killing when there is no brain or soul o Creating another human being Does have drawbacks but overall is a benefit to society Assisted Reproduction Baby M o Paid surrogacy contracts are bad because Illegal perhaps criminal degrading to women No regard for interests of the child Is used for benefit of rich at expense of poor Forces woman to give up what she doesn t know if she ll value not truly informed Velleman o Best to be raised by biological parents o Help with identity formation o Helps avoid alienation learning to love the faces we look into o Helps avoid existential crisis we know our role and location in chain of reproduction o People are capable of forming attachments to unknown figures Organ Donation Harris o Randomly select an individual for organ donation o Everyone has same slim chance of being chosen o Would actually lower death tolls Rescher o Criteria of inclusion Normal clientele boundaries Can this help research Will they survive o Criteria of selection Likelihood of success Life expectancy Family role Prospective service Retrospective service Veach o Slice of life allocation Who s worse at a given time o Over lifetime allocation Accumulation of suffering o Debate of use of age in resource allocation Lockwood o QALY quality adjusted life years o How many years will they live and will those years be of quality o Should use these but with justice constraints cheaper treatments that have best quality of life will get all the money instead of others that will allow people to live Daniels o People discriminate against the elderly it leads to a competition for healthcare o Should appropriately allocate healthcare over an entire lifespan so it rotects fair shares of normal opportunity range at each stage of life Public Health Hidalgo o Active recruitment of health workers is permissible if They voluntarily consent to the employment Terms and working conditions are fair It doesn t violate any moral obligations of any 3rd parties by enabling harm or facilitating wrongdoing Barnard o Access to medical care is restricted because profit seeking pharmaceutical companies and incompetent local governments are wrongfully blamed o Rich countries are the ones who should help Self interest diseases can undermine productivity and global markets Justice rich countries are responsible for plight of poor nations Medical Experimentation Tannsjo o Doctor cannot place patient in situation where they are likely to make an irrational decision o Different philosophical views reflect the morality of the experiment Utilitarianism although there are deaths there is an overall greater benefit Deontology the risks of dying and harm are never worth taking Singer o Humans are not really all equal different races sexes religions etc but we say so because we are speciesists o Capacity for suffering criterion for equal treatment if animals can suffer as much as humans do why don t they get treated the same o If we use this criterion experimentation on animal is morally injust Informed Consent Mill o People should make their own health decision o People should have freedom unless their decision will hurt someone else Veatch o Consent is insufficient people need to be actively involved in all aspects of their healthcare o Doctors and patients should pair deep values social religious political philosophical etc so that the doctor will appropriately decide based on shared values Savulescu o Basic elements of autonomous choice Knowledge of relevant available information about all available options No errors of logic Vivid imagination of all available options