PHIL 148A 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (3/12)ORGAN DONATIONTitmuss “Why Give to Strangers?”- Blood links everyone despite individual differences- Problems with blood donations:o Only half of the population can donateo Waste of donation; short shelf lifeo Bad blood can instantly kill someone- People donate for different reasons; 2 extremeso Paid Market transactions Buy/sell blood donor cards illegally Mislabeled blood with diseaseso Unpaid Act of freewill No expected return gift  Most common method people choose- More than half of donors are voluntary, but <10% of supplies come from - Leads to a rise in unemployed, unskilled poor- How commercial blood banks fail:o Economic efficiencyo Administrative efficiencyo Priceo Quality- Thinks that people should volunteer donations instead of commercializing it- What are the pros & cons of paid and unpaid donation?- What would you choose and why?Kluge “Organ Donation & Retrieval: Whose Body Is It Anyway?”- People reject the economic organ donation aspecto People have close association with their organs & bodies o Rich would take advantage of the poor- People are reluctant to donate voluntarily o Religious reasonso Psychologically- find it offensiveo Misunderstanding of organ donationo We can’t do anything about religious reasons, but we can educate the misinformed - Some people sign off on organ donation when conscious but when they become unconscious, kin are able to decline donationo Problem: This can overlook the patient’s original wishes – can make informed consent become useless Ignoring people’s wishes violates autonomy & causes deaths- Supports donation and feels that more should be done to support it- How much say should a family member have on someone’s right to donate organs?- Think more about reasons people would be against donationRadcliffe-Richards et al “The Case For Allowing Kidney Sales”- Prohibition of selling kidneys causes death & suffering- we need more than just personal disgust to outlaw it- Can take advantage of the pooro But they are the willing populationo If you lessen the volume of the poor there will not even be the need for prohibition- Sellers can be misinformed o Easy fix, duh- Money does not have power to make an acceptable risk and unacceptable one o Kidney donation has little risk- Rich people do dangerous sports/jobs, why can’t poor partake in kidney donation when there is less risk - Always a risk of exploitation/poor treatment & when you prohibit a vastly demanded goodo Anyways, if vendor chooses this that means that all other alternatives are worse- You can only protect the vulnerable by removing what makes them vulnerable- poverty- Can’t have privileges just for the richo It’s irrelevant because of private medicine etc.- You can still be altruistic while getting paidHarris “The Survival Lottery”- Scenario: X & Y need transplants, propose killing one person to save the 2 of them- Doctors cannot prey on healthy to help the sicko Cannot be considered a murderer if they don’t do what “a man ought not do”- Proposes plan like a lottery where a random person would be selected to become an organ donor and save the lives of many- Arguments against:o Society dominated by oldo If someone did not want to participate they would be considered a murderero Lack of securityo People would be seen as interchangeable partso There would be actual murder- Arguments for:o People who brought their organ failure upon themselves (drinking, drugs etc.) would not be consideredo Technically would be self-defense for those who needed the people to die to savetheir own liveso Could use the already dying for the programo The chances of someone being picked are slimmer than the odds of being killed whilst driving & people don’t worry so much about thato Kill one to save multiple- Believes the lottery is the most optimal way to minimize deaths- What would you choose? For what reasons?- Is killing one to save many a valid argument?Lecture 2 (3/19)RESOURCE ALLOCATION: MICRO-LEVELMenzel “Rescuing Lives: Can’t We Count?”- People jump transplant lists for a variety of reasons, leaving others to dieo Ex. Politician who just so happened to get to top of list- Multiple organ transplants for one person only save one life when you can use those organs to save a fewo It is extremely unethical because you are sacrificing innocent liveso It can lead to similar problems in different realms- Medical experimentation using scarce organs isn’t right because we will never have the ample resources available because there’s higher risk those experiments will fail- What’s the difference in urgency/need in people who need one organ vs. people who need multiple?- How do you define the difference in need in two organ recipients?- Do you support or reject the author’s position?Rescher “The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy”- Selection for technology is not just a medical issueo Need to make a list of rational guidelines- Criteria of Inclusiono Narrows potential candidateso Constituency Factor Normal clientele boundarieso Progress of Science Can this help researcho Prospect of Success Will they survive- Criteria of Selectiono Case-by-case comparisono Relative likelihood of success o Life Expectancyo Family Roleo Prospective Serviceo Retrospective service- Selection transcends medical sphere because what will happen after all medical questions are answered?- Chance should be added to procedure as well- Is this the optimal solution for our problems?- Are any of these criterion or factors unfair?Veach “How Age Should Matter”- Irrational to fund all slightly beneficial expensive care in the elderly - People are always going to want more of what isn’t readily available o Why resources should be allocated- Consequentialist argumentso For using age: Using scarce resources on someone with shorter lifespan will not create most benefito Against using age: Elderly people can still be productive members of society (Veach shuts this argument down)- Deontologist/Justice Argumentso For using age: Respect natural life span & help people until they’re old with an acute illness Create an age-specific normal opportunity range so people do not get more than they’re capable of usingo Against using age: Elderly are most needy & their needs should be met- You can look at time in 2 ways:o Over a lifetime Look at people at a