Phil 148 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 11Lecture 8 (2/24)Enhancement:- Edmonds “Necessary Vanity”o News article on Brazil’s openness to plastic surgeryo Considers beauty a right plastic surgery for allo Thinks of plastic surgery as a necessary healing powero Psychotherapy via the body self esteemo Sets the standard that social belonging depends on access to particular standard of livingo However beauty is unfair & cannot be subject to egalitarian values- Ellin “Golden Years, Polished with Surgery”o Plastic Surgery is growing among senior citizens want physiques to matchpsycheso People that are healthy want to be more active in society look more like physiological ageo There’s a culture that establishes that you have to look young to participatein society Older people think that if they do not get plastic surgery they are less likely to find friends or “companionship”o Doctors are driven by financial incentives and don’t completely inform the elderly of all the risks involved makes it extra dangerous- What is the difference between enhancing children & oneself?Sports Doping- Foddy & Savalescu “Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sports”o Sports doping is inevitable and does not violate spirit of sporto People are really only against doping because it is a form of “cheating”o The “spirit of sport” is considered the most important quality when designating what drugs should be banned & is pretty much always in violation Only harms the character & solidarity of sport if it’s illegalo Easier to get rid of anti-doping laws than doping itself Hard to detect Would end up make safer regulations instead of invisibilityo Should make “exclusion policies” so that athletes are more likely to take care of their bodieso Clean sport can still be dangerous to athletes push their bodies to the limits and injure themselveso Removal of doping control would actually improve sport- Murray “Sports Enhancement”o Could potentially be giving spectators what they wantmore spectacle Not ethically robust argumento Athletes are given the option to weigh the risks and benefits  Most athletes still don’t understand that what one athlete does affects all of themo Certain drugs can be therapeutic for those that are actually sick but cheating if used on healthy individuals o Rules are constantly changed to preserve sport, to keep it fair Certain technologies that help skill are banned outrighto Old standards & records would be obliterated such as homeruns in baseball, those not involved with doping would become meaninglesso Can affect and influence children The more culture accepts doping and steroids, the more children are influenced into taking them- Are plastic surgery or sports doping ways of seeking unfair advantage or merely leveling the playing field?Lecture 9 (2/26) Cloning- Tooley “Moral Status of Cloning of Humans”o Two kinds of cloning Human biobank for spare parts- Objection: using what belonged to someone else/could kill someone else- Many arguments center around the soul and potentiality of personhood - Tooley finds no moral injustice in cloning mindless organ bankso What is wrong about killing when there is no brain function or soul? Creating another human being- Statistics are irrational most pregnancies fail or lead to defective children- Significantly decreased life expectancy & more health risks- Open future argument is unsound observing a life of someone with someone with same genetics puts constraintso Tooley disagrees with this argument- Serious moral objections are open to this claim, in the court of public opinion there isn’t much definite answerso Why could cloning be good? Could help us figure out personality acquisition (nature v nurture) Clone people that helped society Could increase happiness to the individual More desirable children More effective & positive childrearing Infertile & homosexual couples could reproduce Save liveso Objections to cloning  Makes mindless organ banks  Violates a human’s rights to uniqueness Psychological damage to the child Can treat children as less than means (KANT) Can interfere with personal autonomyo Overall, Tooley believes there is nothing intrinsically wrong with either cloning & they are overall beneficial to societyLecture 10 (3/3)Sperm & Egg Donors- Daniels “To Give or Sell Human Gametes”o Financial incentives are what motivates gamete donors without significant loss in donorso Government intervention is required in order to protect the collective interests instead of just the individual Cannot let children be treated as propertyo Makes reproduction a clinical, medical event  Can cause psychological harm to the children entire life is owed to paid transaction (no love or such involved) Lecture argument: can make a child feel instead more loved because the parent chose and went out of their way to conceive them & love them even if not “entirely” theirso Evidence is not entirely conclusive- Pennings “Right to Choose Donor”o Usually a shot of info is given about the donor: social, physical & genetic characteristicso Most people choose a donor that resembles their donor Allows the parents to pretend that the child was truly made from both of them”secrecy” Choosing characteristics different than those of partner instills inferiority HOWEVER lesbians defy partner standard & secrecy motiveo Recipients choose qualities based on personal preferenceso Arguments against: Children are valued only based on physical traits  Commercializes the program market influences medical practice Better or superior traits will begin to be preferred  Increased discrimination of race, sexuality & religion Becomes a form of paternalism  Jeopardy of anonymity of donoro Advantages: Autonomy & control over a situation under which they do not have any control Reduces anxiety about information about donor The more people that choose their donor are more likely to informtheir child about the decision o All in all, fertility centers have no obligation to deliver extra information torecipients, but should be able to create an image for recipients about whothey’re receiving gametes from- Should children have a right to know their donor?- How many donor offspring should it be permissible to have?Surrogacy- Purdy “Surrogate Mothering: