Phil 148 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 8 11 Lecture 8 2 24 Enhancement Edmonds Necessary Vanity o News article on Brazil s openness to plastic surgery o Considers beauty a right plastic surgery for all o Thinks of plastic surgery as a necessary healing power o Psychotherapy via the body self esteem o Sets the standard that social belonging depends on access to particular standard of living o However beauty is unfair cannot be subject to egalitarian values Ellin Golden Years Polished with Surgery o Plastic Surgery is growing among senior citizens want physiques to match psyches o People that are healthy want to be more active in society look more like physiological age o There s a culture that establishes that you have to look young to participate in society Older people think that if they do not get plastic surgery they are less likely to find friends or companionship o Doctors are driven by financial incentives and don t completely inform the elderly of all the risks involved makes it extra dangerous What is the difference between enhancing children oneself Sports Doping Foddy Savalescu Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sports o Sports doping is inevitable and does not violate spirit of sport o People are really only against doping because it is a form of cheating o The spirit of sport is considered the most important quality when designating what drugs should be banned is pretty much always in violation Only harms the character solidarity of sport if it s illegal o Easier to get rid of anti doping laws than doping itself Hard to detect Would end up make safer regulations instead of invisibility o Should make exclusion policies so that athletes are more likely to take care of their bodies o Clean sport can still be dangerous to athletes push their bodies to the limits and injure themselves o Removal of doping control would actually improve sport Murray Sports Enhancement o Could potentially be giving spectators what they want more spectacle Not ethically robust argument o Athletes are given the option to weigh the risks and benefits Most athletes still don t understand that what one athlete does affects all of them o Certain drugs can be therapeutic for those that are actually sick but cheating if used on healthy individuals o Rules are constantly changed to preserve sport to keep it fair Certain technologies that help skill are banned outright o Old standards records would be obliterated such as homeruns in baseball those not involved with doping would become meaningless o Can affect and influence children The more culture accepts doping and steroids the more children are influenced into taking them Are plastic surgery or sports doping ways of seeking unfair advantage or merely leveling the playing field Lecture 9 2 26 Cloning Tooley Moral Status of Cloning of Humans o Two kinds of cloning Human biobank for spare parts Objection using what belonged to someone else could kill someone else Many arguments center around the soul and potentiality of personhood Tooley finds no moral injustice in cloning mindless organ banks o What is wrong about killing when there is no brain function or soul Creating another human being Statistics are irrational most pregnancies fail or lead to defective children Significantly decreased life expectancy more health risks Open future argument is unsound observing a life of someone with someone with same genetics puts constraints o Tooley disagrees with this argument Serious moral objections are open to this claim in the court of public opinion there isn t much definite answers o Why could cloning be good Could help us figure out personality acquisition nature v nurture Clone people that helped society Could increase happiness to the individual More desirable children More effective positive childrearing Infertile homosexual couples could reproduce Save lives o Objections to cloning Makes mindless organ banks Violates a human s rights to uniqueness Psychological damage to the child Can treat children as less than means KANT Can interfere with personal autonomy o Overall Tooley believes there is nothing intrinsically wrong with either cloning they are overall beneficial to society Lecture 10 3 3 Sperm Egg Donors Daniels To Give or Sell Human Gametes o Financial incentives are what motivates gamete donors without significant loss in donors o Government intervention is required in order to protect the collective interests instead of just the individual Cannot let children be treated as property o Makes reproduction a clinical medical event Can cause psychological harm to the children entire life is owed to paid transaction no love or such involved Lecture argument can make a child feel instead more loved because the parent chose and went out of their way to conceive them love them even if not entirely theirs o Evidence is not entirely conclusive Pennings Right to Choose Donor o Usually a shot of info is given about the donor social physical genetic characteristics o Most people choose a donor that resembles their donor Allows the parents to pretend that the child was truly made from both of them secrecy Choosing characteristics different than those of partner instills inferiority HOWEVER lesbians defy partner standard secrecy motive o Recipients choose qualities based on personal preferences o Arguments against Children are valued only based on physical traits Commercializes the program market influences medical practice Better or superior traits will begin to be preferred Increased discrimination of race sexuality religion Becomes a form of paternalism Jeopardy of anonymity of donor o Advantages Autonomy control over a situation under which they do not have any control Reduces anxiety about information about donor The more people that choose their donor are more likely to inform their child about the decision o All in all fertility centers have no obligation to deliver extra information to recipients but should be able to create an image for recipients about who they re receiving gametes from Should children have a right to know their donor How many donor offspring should it be permissible to have Surrogacy Purdy Surrogate Mothering Exploitation or Empowerment o Nature pregnancy oppresses women they re the ones forced to give up their bodies o Surrogacy separates reproduction from sex childrearing marriage o Surrogacy is looked at differently in sexist feminist societies o Reasons FOR surrogacy Alleviating fertility creates happiness