Phil 148a 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 Essential Questions:1.What is the difference between ethics & morality?a. Ethics: individual characterb. Moral: social expectations2.Between ethics and politics?3.Ethics and the law?a. Ethics are social expectationsb. Laws are rules that are backed by sanctionsLecture 2 Five Arguments for why the embryo has moral status from the moment of conception:1. Embryos are members of the human species2. Embryos are identical with later person3. There is a continuous development between embryos and persons4. Embryos are potential personsa. Buckle *5. Embryos have futures like oursa. Marquis*Lecture 3 Two arguments for why moral status begins later in embryo (or fetus’s) development:1. Interest View (Steinbock)a. Interests are necessary for moral statusb. Needs are far different from interests2. Self-consciousness Requirement (Tooley)a. Must be aware of own life in order to obtain moral statusLecture 4Judith Jarvis Thomson’s Defense- Thomson is not concerned if the embryo is a person from the moment of conception- Concentrates on whether or not women have an obligation to assist the embryo so that it can developLecture 5Stem Cell Research- Stem cell research promises hitherto unknown cures to degenerative diseases of various kinds- It also requires the destruction of embryos- Harris: The principle of waste avoidance o It is permissible to use tissue or cells that would otherwise be waster- The consistency requiremento A lot of legislation looks at abortion and stem cell research differentlyLecture 6Genetic Selection- Is it a benefit or is it a disability?  Deafness (Chadwick & Levitt)- Should parents make the decisions for their children?- Procreative autonomy sex selection (Savulescu)- Does this use children as a mere means (goes against Kant) (King)Lecture 7Genetic Enhancement- Moral obligation to enhance human beings (Sauvulescu)If you do not take advantage to better your children, you are responsible for their failures- Traditional shape of the body is common heritage changing the body harms social systems