Ant 105 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Archaeology- Objectives of archaeology o Reconstructing the material remainso Reconstruction of lifewayso Processual archaeology Archaeology an objective, empirical science Hypotheses about all forms of cultural variation could be testedo Post-processual archaeology Power and dominationo How archaeological evidence may reflect individual human agency and internal contradictions within a society- Artifacts- portable, objects deliberately and intelligently shaped by human activity.- Features-non-portable remnants of material culture; house walls and ditches- Assemblage-artifacts and structures from particular time and place in a site. - Ecofacts- byproducts of humans; plant residue or animal bones connected with food provisioning.- Site- a precise geographic location of the remains of past human activity- Matrix- the type of material artifacts are found in; gravel, sand, clay.- Provenience- precise 3D position of the find within the matrix- Taphonomy- the study of decaying organisms over time and how things become fossilized; dessiccation, volcanic ash, and peat bogs preserve.- Survey methodso Walking survey Can include walking slowly over a site Donald Johanson "lucy"- Hadar region of Ethiopiao Aerial  Can be used for mapping Otherwise invisible site- Shadow casto Geographic information systems (GIS) Information about topography, soil, elevation, geology, climate, vegetation, water resources, site location, field bondaries. Taken together=maps- Relative dating o Objects placed in time relative to each othero Provides only an order of eventso Law of superposition Strata layers lower down must be older than the layers above.o Biostratigraphic dating Patterns of fossil distribution in different rock layerso Contexual seriation Artifacts that look alike must have been made at the same time Pottery: stylistic features are visible and highly modifiable - Absolute datingo Process of determining an approximate computed ageo Provides computed numerical ageo Isotopic dating methods Rate at which various radioactive isotopes of naturally occuring elements transform themselves into other elements by losing subatomic particleso Based on decay of radioactive isotopes.- Typological sequences- Cultural ownership of artifacts, assemblages, siteso Who owns the past? Former colonies becoming independent states Intends on uncovering own past and gain control over heritage Artifacts stay in that country Museums ask to return cultural property.- NAGPRA- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Acto US Congress passed this in 1990o Relationship of disrespect and domination of Native Americans by Europeanso Deeply angered by excavation of indigenous burials.o Only applies to graves found on federal land or land held in trust by the US gov. Hunter-Gatherers (HG)- Why study?o Hunter gatherers are at the bottom of the social evolutionary scale b.c Few material possessions No private property Moral limitations Initially the search for the archetype HG turned into a quest to figure out why there is diversity.- Changing view of HGo Modern hunter-gatherers do not live in a vacuumo Sources of data Ethnographic Archaeological Linguistic Genetic Oral history Historical documents- Generalized forager modelo 5 characteristics Egalitarianism Low population density Lack of territoriality A minimum of food storage Flux in composition- Man the hunter conferenceo Marriage, demography, territoriality, social and political organization and evolution from a variety of contextso Despite name they claim to have discussed the importance of women…- Paradox of the rainforest- rainforest provides raw food items but not enough for foraging groups.There had to be exchanged materials; yams.- Exchange of materials-tradeo Mbuti give the Lese forest crops (meat, honey, bark for cloth)o The Lese give Mbuti farm crops (starches) and metal (pots, iron)o Each Lese family has an Mbuti trading partner, a relationship that is inherited. - Case study: foragers, wildlife, conservation- Hunter-gatherers (foragers) definedo Economically-mode of subsistence Reliance on hunting wild animals, gathering wild plant foods, and fishing No domesticated plants and animals (except dogs) Foods collected by women were more prevalent in dieto Socially-band level societies, live in small groups where membership is fleexible and relations are generally egalitarian (Kelly 1995)o Cosmology and world view- Textbook foraging o Includes hunting, fishing and gathering No/minimal altering of resources Exploitation of wild plants and animalso Varies by environment Ju |'hoansi (pronounced dju-kwa-si) Inuito Usually includes strict division of labor Age and gender- Dzanga-Bai- Relationship between hunting, health, nutritional status Dzanga Sangha Reserveo Wildlife 16 species of nonhuman primates- Chimps, guenons, mangabeys, cologines and galagos and more 6 species of duikero Human communitieso Health Relationship of transitional economies to negative health outcomes- Poor calorie intake, higher rate of infection Declining wildlife and childhood anemia Positive relationship between health and forest cover for children in african countries.o Methods Integration of ethnographic and biological data with a long-term ecological dataset Biological date (n=172)- Anthropometricso Height/weighto Circumferences and skinfolds- Capillary blood (finger-prick)  Chronic energy deficiency = bmi < 18.49 kg/m^2 Results: hemoglobin <12g/dL in more than 40% of population = health crisis- 2012=65.1- 1968=15.6  Relationship between short term nutritional status and declining forest food stuffs Change over time (1968-2012) in hemoglobin Inter-village comparison Differential access to resourcesNutrition- Biocultural adaptations- corn and milk. Matter in health. The way we grow, process, cook, and eat our food is just as important as what we eat. - Maize- climatically adaptable and highly productive. Quickly became popular with European farmers. - Pellagra-1735: A new disease emerges in Europeo Terrible skin lesion, rashes, muscle weakness, paralysiso The four d's: diarrhea, dermatitis dementia, deatho Pellagra Disease only found in maize-cultivating regions Not south, central, or north American natives- because of differences in preparation.- Niacin- found in corn but