ANT 105 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide key terms and conceptsStructural Violence- Bell Curve: (1994) Psychology professors came up with this idea that IQ can be reduced to a single number, is heritable and mutable, and predictable among races and socio-economic classes. This concluded that social programs such as welfare and affirmative action should be terminated- The Mismeasure of Man: (1981 and 1994) Stephan Jay Gould. Was an answer to the Bell ShapedCurve that presents the history of scientific racism and argued STRONGLY against biological determinism. - A Troublesome Inheritance: (2013)Claims a genetic basis of intelligence, literacy and numeracy, in certain ethnic populations and a genetic base of human social habits. "Middle class social traits" thrift, docility, nonviolence genetics within agrarian societies. - Examples of Structural Violenceo Race and Relining: denying or charging more for services such as banking, insurance, access to health care, and supermarkets. Denying jobs to residents in racially determinedareas and de-investment.o Race and GI Bill: African American soldiers returning from WWII clearly benefitted less than their white counterparts. Still made it difficult for them to build equity. o The Eugenics movement of 1860's: stated what undesirable traits were heritable and dominant. Such traits were feeblemindedness, alcoholism, deafness, epilepsy, pauperism, insanity, sexual deviancy, and criminality. Human Evolution- Phylogeny: - Culture (Fire, Burial, Tools)o Fire: 500 mya. Benefits were: heat, cooking, source of light, and less likely to be eaten.o Burial: Found with Homo Sapien Neanderthalensis- there was cerimonial burials where flowers and such would be found.o Tools Oduwan technology: consists of choppers, hammerstones, and sharp flakes Acheuldean tools: more complex- hand axes, choppers, cleavers and flakes. They would flake entire stones Mousterian tools: most complex, cutting, scraping, piercing. - Foramen Magnum: the opening of the skull where the spinal cord enters. It is in the rear of the skull for the quadrupedals, but towards the center for bipedals.- Florensiensis: "the hobbits" 800-18 kya found in Indonesia. They had small brains and bodies. Their dental, facial, and post cranial anatomy was in agreement with genus homo. - Habilis: "handy man" 1.4-2.3 mya. Mixed aboreal/bipedal. Cranial features: reduced tooth size. They were the earliest associated with stone tools.- Homo Erectus: 2.0 mya-10 kya. Extreme cold periods punctuated with warm periods. N. America, Europe and Asia were covered in ice and see levels dropping to 400 ft allowed migration to areas previously inaccessible. - Australopithicus: Taung child found by Raymond Dart in 1925 found in South Africa. Intermediate between humans and apes. Compared to modern humans they have a smaller brain and body, more prognathic, bipedal/arboreal locomotor adaptations, and chimp like dentition. The famous Lucy australopithicus was found in Ethiopia and is 3.2 myo. She is 40% preserved,3' 8" and 65 lbs.- Neanderthal: First discovered in Neander Valley, Germany. 36 kya-225 kya. Bigger brains than modern humans, more prognathic, robust, heavier muscle markings, stocky, adapted to colder climates (wide ribcage, shorter stature, broader nose). - Paranthropus: The robust hominids- Prognathism: Homo erectus had a decreased prognathism compared to Australopithecus. Showed bipedalism- Locomotion: homininds- bipedal apes- Laetoli: an Australopithecus footprint found in volcanic ash 3.7 mya. - Migration: (Homo erectus) bigger brains allowed them to migrate because it allowed an increased reproductive success. This increased problem solving, exploitation of resources, tool production, and pressure on resources. There was a likely more complex social organization also.- Environmental pressure: changing weather patterns meant a changing environments. This lead to the adaptive radiation of apes and a split between nonhuman primates and human ancestors.Skin Color- Gloger's Rule: Heavily pigmented skin selected to occur in animals near the equator and lighter pigmented skin farther from it.- Melanin: Dark brown/black pigment in skin. - Melanocytes: Produce melanin for the skin. Humans have the same number of melanocytes. Humans are unequal in their amount of melanin and distribution of it on the epidermis. - Evolutionary Pressures Associated with Skin Color: Chimpanzees had light skin and hair loss as an adaptation to keep cool. Australopithecus were likely to start this hair loss. Homo erectuswere likely dark skin. Skin Cancer, Rickets, and the protection of vitamin D and folate are also involved with skin color evolutionary pressures. - Skin Cancer: an increase in melanin means that there is a decrease in the risk of skin cancer. Older people are more likely to die of skin cancer. - Vitamin D: The protection of vitamin D is important in inhibiting rickets. Rickets causes softening of bones and lack of mineralization usually in children. Lighter skin colors are adapted in places where there is less sunlight, as a way to absorb vitamin D easier. - Calcification: Vitamin D3 is critical for the absorption of calcium which leads to the correct mineralization of bones. - Folate: folate is critical for DNA replication and protein synthesis, cell and tissue maintenance, and bone growth. It is especially critical during fetal development. Mothers with insufficient levels of folate in their bodies are more likely to have children with neural tube defects. Dark skin is adapted to sunnier climates to help to protect folate depletion due to the increased sunlight exposure. - Neural Tube Defects: Anencephaly and Spinal Bifida- UV Radiation: The main factor responsible for skin cancer.- Skin color vs. Race: skin color is an obvious phenotypic, biological trait that is traditionally used to define and classify people. Race is a cultural construct. Race is used throughout history to make assumptions regarding merit, past experiences, intelligence, work ethic, athletic abilities, behavior, and potential. Death- New England Vampire Panic: "Brown family tragedy" A response to people dying from Tuberculosis. People misinterpreted what happens to the body during decomposition- such as clotted blood, receding skin, bloated corpses, and blood from mouth- and blamed it on this family being "vampires. They reacted by eating ashes, flipping bodies/reburying them, and burning bodies. - Zoonotic virus: