Prehistorical AnthropologyPeriodization terms- Upper paleolithic (50-12 TBP)- Mesolithic-Epipaleolithic (20-5 TBP)- Neolithic (12-6.5 TBP)Upper Paleolithic- During this period, humans were primarily foragers.- Little to no evidence of permanent settlement, but many “continuously used” sites or frequentlyreused sites.The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)- Permanent summer ice covered about 8% of Earth’s surface and 25% of the land area during theLGM- Sea level was about 125 meters (410 feet) lower than today- The average global temperature around 21,000 YBP was about 6C(11F)Domestication- ~10,000 ybp the human population of the entire world was ~10,000,000- According to habitation site and archaeological data human populations were fairly constant from 30,000-10,000 ybp- At ~12,000-10,000 ybp there is the first evidence for large scale intensive agriculture and the first evidence of livestock domesticationo First plant cultivation dates to at least ~21,000 ybp- Genetic evidence (molecular clock) supports ~16,000-14,000 ybp for the beginning of selective breeding for most domesticateso First mass agricultural site, Tell Aswad, near Damascus dates to ~10,500 ybpo The first “city”, Catalhoyuk, was founded ~9000 ybp in southern TurkeyDomestication of beasts- Dogs before 32,000 ybp (Siberia)- Pigs>11,000 ybp (Turkey and China)- Cattle>10,500 ybp (central Asia and India)- Sheep>10,000 ybp (Iran-Central Eurasia)Agricultural Revolution (~11,000 ybp)- The Levant or Fertile Crescento Figs ~11,500 ybpo Rye (grass) ~11,000 ybpo Wheat and barley ~10,000 ybpo Peas ~11,000 ybp- East Asiao Millet ~10,000 ybpo Rice ~9,000 ybp- Americaso Squash ~10,000 ybpo Maize (corn) ~9,000 ybpo Peanuts ~8,500 ybpEffect of Domestication- Skull morphology (tall vs long heads)- Malocclusion (our teeth don’t fit together anymore)- Increase in dental caries (cavities)- Loss of bone density and robusticityo Back problems?- Nutrition change- Near sightedness- Alcoholism (substance abuse)- Increase in population densityo Diseaseo