ANT 105 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide key terms & conceptsAnthropology- Comparative: uses evidence from widest possible array of human existence .- Field based: collecting data in a certain field of study- Evolutionary: interested in change over time.- Holistic: all aspects of human life intersect, shape one another, and are integrated.- Culture: sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society. Nongenetic means of adaption.- Four field approach: Cultural, linguistic, archaeological, and biological anthropology are the four subfields.- Cultural anthropology: focuses on human cultural behavior and cultured systems and the variation in cultural expression among human groups.- Linguistic anthropology: studies language as a human characteristic and attempts to explain the differences among human languages and the relationship between a language and the society that uses it.- Archaeology: recovers evidence of the human cultural past and reconstructs past cultural systems.- Biological anthropology: studies humans as a biological species.- Medical anthropology: specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health. The factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human populations deal with disease or illness. It is not a subfield because it connects with cultural and biological anthropology.Scientific Explanation- Assumptions: unquestioned understanding about the way the world works. (EX: taking things forgranted, such as the sun rising.)- Objectivity: separations of observation and reporting from the researchers wishes. Science does not take place in a cultural vacuum. - Scientific method: consists of systematic observation, measurement, and experiment and the formulation, testing and modification of hypotheses. - Types of evidenceo Material: things-objects, info recorded about them, or scientific measurement made of them (EX: an actual object such as a fossil)o Inferred: material evidence and its interpretation (EX: a painting on the wall and the meaning behind it)- Hypotheses: statements that assert a particular connection between fact and interpretation- Theories: summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing. It is valid as long as there no evidence to dispute- Scientific law: generalizes a body of observations-non-refuted. Linguistics- The Language you cry in: African Americans from the "Rice Coast" of Africa were taken as slaves to Georgia and South Carolina. In these states present day, Gulla people still reside there and practice some traditions from their past culture. A particular Mende song has survived through all of the generations. The song could be traced back to Sierra Leone and was concluded as a burial ceremony song. It is important that such traditions and songs are kept alive to ensure that their old culture was not lost forever after they were taken into slavery.- Non-history: Where African-Americans were forced to give up their identity. They lost their language, religion, sense of power, etc.- Duality of patterning: two levels of human language: units of sound and units of meaning that those units of sound are combined to create.- Historical linguistics: the branch of linguistics that attempts to classify and construct a family tree of languages and to reconstruct extinct languages.- Cognates: words that are similar in two or more languages as a result of common descent. - Ethnosemantics: the study of the meanings of words, especially as they relate to folk taxonomies.- Sociolinguistics: the study of language in its social contexts- Linguistic style: the way you speak- Rapport talk: feminine style, form connections, cooperative metaphors, power down, and "we" statements.- Report talk: masculine style, hierarchy, competitive metaphor, power up, and "I" statements- Powerless speech mannerism:o Hedges ex: "I guess I'd like it…"o Hesitations ex: "uh,well if you, er"o Intensifiers ex: "so that's how I feel"o Polite forms ex: "excuse me"o Tag questions ex: "…you think?"o Disclaimers ex: "I'm no expert but…"- Ritualized talk: A pattern of simply saying things, but not meaning them. Happens a lot in American culture. ex: asking how are you, but you are not really interested in the answer.- Sexist language: words and phrases that unnecessarily differentiate between males and females or diminish either sex. - Sexism and racism: o Overt: open and deliberate "harmful and unequal treatment that is intentional, visible, and unambiguous." o Subtle: either hidden or unnoticed because it is built into cultural and societal norms. o Covert: deliberate but masked. Deliberate that "looks" and "sounds" OK.Biological Anthropology- Lamark: First to describe a mechanism of change. There is an inheritance of acquired traits, explains that species are mutable and morphology is based on use and disuse. There is a naturalambition-an inherent drive toward increasing complexity. (EX: evolution of long necks and tall bodies in giraffes.) Acquired traits are a combination of environment and natural ambition. - Malthus: concluded that human population growth will grow beyond its food supply, leading to famine, unless checked by wars, disease, or "moral restrain." - Darwin: self trained naturalist on the HMS Beagle voyage for 5 years. Said that more individuals are born than can survive. Traveled to the Galapagos Islands and found the relationship betweenenvironment and morphology diversity of life forms and their "fit" with the environment.- Adaptive Radiation: a group of closely related organisms that have evolved morphological and behavioral features enabling them to exploit different ecological niches. - Artificial selection: intentional modification of a species by humans which encourage some traitsover other traits. - Four processes of Evolution o 1.) mutation: change in genetic code. Variation to the gene pool. o 2.)gene flow: interchange of alleles between and within populations (EX: MTV's spring break)o 3.) genetic drift: Change in the frequencies of an allele in a population due to random sampling. (EX: Pennsylvania dutch were early Germans in PA. They were isolated and hada small population. Therefore 1/3 of the population has Tay Sacs.) o 4.)natural selection: changes in allele frequencies over time. NOT survival of the fittest. - Steps of Natural Selectiono Environmental constraints and pressure. (EX: lack of food supply, temperature, volcano.) Birch