KIN 4310 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I Review Questions Outline of Current Lecture I Review Questions Current Lecture I Review Questions a In a left tailed test the test statistic must be greater than the critical value in order to reject the null hypothesis i True ii False b If the p value is greater than the level of significance we fail to reject the null hypothesis i True ii False c What is a Type I Error i A false positive When you reject the null that is actually true This happens 5 of the time d What is a Type II Error i A false negative When you fail to reject the null when you should have This is beta e What is a p value i The probability of getting your test statistic or one more extreme than it if the null hypothesis is true f The probability of making a Type II error when the null hypothesis is true is i The test statistic ii The p value iii Level of significance alpha iv Beta v Zero g What is a one sample z test These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute h i j k l m n o p q r s i A hypothesis test that compares a group or a sample to a population It tests whether or not this sample is somehow different from the population What information do you need about the population before you can perform a one sample z test i Sample size n population mean mu and standard deviation sigma How do you determine critical values of z i Table B1 What is a t test i A t test is a general test to determine if there is a significant difference between two groups Describe the t distribution i It is symmetrical about zero goes from negative infinity to positive infinity changes shape according to degrees of freedom and as df increases it will look more normal What is the difference between a t test for independent samples and a t test for dependent samples i Dependent samples use paired data What are degrees of freedom i A general mathematical term that represents the size of your data What is ANOVA i Stands for analysis of variance It is a hypothesis test that determines if differences exist between two or more groups using the test statistic F Describe the F distribution i It is asymmetrical positively skewed has a long right tail and changes with degrees of freedom F can never be negative How do we find critical values for F i Table B3 What is variance between samples Variance within samples i Variance between samples concerns how much the group means vary with respect to one another Variance within samples concerns the individual sample number and how much each sample varies with its own group mean How do we test hypotheses concerning the linear correlation coefficient i If you are given paired data you will make a scatter plot calculate r then look up the critical value using Table B4 If the null is true r is symmetrical and it goes from 1 to 1 What is aerobic fitness i Aerobic fitness is the ability of the body to take in O2 from the lungs transfer it to the circulatory system and use it in the muscles to produce mechanical energy t How do we measure aerobic fitness i VO2max is the most accurate way There is also the 1 5 mile test and the 12 minute run and the shuttle test and even questionnaires u What are the pros and cons of the different methods i The biggest pro of the VO2max test is that it is the most reliable but it is expensive and it is also risky Pros of the 1 5 mile run is that it is a lot cheaper and it can test multiple people at the same time v What are the two types of body fat we discussed i Essential and storage Essential is what you need to function normally and storage is everything else w How do we measure body composition i Direct Techniques 1 DXA MRI CT The great thing about DXA is that it is low radiation faster and less expensive CTs are a lot more expensive and come with a lot more radiation ii Indirect Techniques 1 Skin calipers Hydrostatic weighing bod pods bioelectrical impedance air displacement Advantages of using air displacement is that it takes less time and it is more accurate because it doesn t need to account for residual lung volume Advantage of skin calipers is that they are low cost and pretty accurate x is a variable that is cheap and easy to measure directly and it can be used to estimate disease risk in adults i body fat ii VO2max iii Resting heart rate iv Waist to hip ratio y Name four methods to assess diet i Food diary food frequency questionnaire duplicate food collection and detailed diet history z Which methods are prospective i Food diary duplicate food collection aa Which method is the cheapest to administer i Questionnaire bb Which method is the most reliable i Duplicate food collection cc What is physical activity i Any movement that burns energy dd What is exercise i A sub set of physical activity that is planned purposeful and repetitive ee How can we measure PA objectively i By a heart rate monitor accelerometer pedometer which all take human interpretation out of it ff What tools can be used for self reported PA i A bunch like the survey we did in class the SRPAQ gg What is prevalence Incidence i These terms refer to morbidity Prevalence is the overall amount of people who have the disease at one point in time and incidence deals with the new cases hh What variables are used to represent the health status of a group nation i Morbidity mortality life expectancy at birth disease rates obesity ii What are Disease Adjusted Life Years DALY i The number of years that you would prematurely die years spent in a diseased state Used in cost benefit studies