Bio 358 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 1 12 Lecture 1 January 13 Definition of a Marine Mammal a functional descriptor of a diverse assemblage of distantly related mammals that spend some or all of their life in a marine or aquatic environment Marine mammals are not an evolutionary valid grouping they are not monophyletic as a whole and they are a FUNCTIONAL GROUPING 4 anatomical adaptations marine mammals have in common Body streamlining minimum protuberances fusiform body shape genitalia internal Reduced or modified appendages pectorals flippers pelvic reduced or absent in fully aquatic orders Insulation fur or blubber LARGE body size 3 physiological adaptations marine mammals have in common Enhanced breath holding capabilities apnea Specialized thermoregulatory capabilities and vascular structures water sucks heat away 25x faster than air Specialized sensory systems light is attenuated in water Humans have direct and indirect effects on marine mammals Direct hunting exploitation for oil fur meat Indirect global climate change fishing SONAR louddd toxins habitat destruction vessel strikes Lecture 2 January 15 Scientific Names to Know Eumetopias jubatus Stellar s Sea Lion Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur Seal Cystophora cristata Hooded seal Leptonychotes weddelli Weddel seal Mirounga leonine Southern elephant seal Odobenus rosmarus Walrus Enhydra lutris Sea otter Ursus maritimus Polar bear Dugong dugon Dugong Trichechus manatus West Indian manatee Hydrodamalis gigas Stellar s sea cow Eubalaena glacialis Northern right whale Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale Eschrichtius robustus Grey whale Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale Tasmacetus shepherdi Shepherd s beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris Blainsville s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier s beaked whale Tursiops truncatus Bottlenose dolphin Grampus griseus Risso s dolphin Phocoena phocoena Harbor porpoise Poceana sinus Vequita Lipotes vexillifer Baji Mirounga angustirostris Northern elephant seal Monachus schauinslandi Hawaiian monk seal Monachus tropicalis Caribbean monk seal Taxonomy of marine mammals to know Phylum Chordota Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia 3 Orders Order Carnivora 5 families Otariidae sea lions and fur seals Phocidae true seals Odebenidae walruses Ursidae polar bear Mustelidae marine and sea otter Order Sirenia 2 families Trichechidae manatees Dugongidae dugong and stellars sea cow Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Balaenidae right whales Balaeniopteridae rorquals Neobalaenidae pygmy right whale Eschrichtiidae grey whale Suborder Odontoceti Physeteridae sperm whale Kogiidae dwarf and pygmy sperm whales Ziphiidae beaked whales Monodontidae beluga narwhal Delphinidae dolphins Phocoenidae porpoises Platanistidae Ganges and Indus river dolphins Iniidae Amazonian river dolphin AKA boto Lipotidae Yangtze river dolphin AKA baiji Pontoporiidae franciscana AKA La Plata dolphin Pinniped carnivora fin footed fissipeds split footed All have Large body size Fur or blubber insulation Streamline body Modified appendages flippers Enhanced diving Enhanced thermoregulation Enhanced sensory systems for seeing hearing feeling in dark water need hard substrate to breed more vulnerable to human impact Human effects Direct hunting for fur oil and hunting as competitors in fisheries indirect competition for space bicatch injured in fisheries pollution As a whole they are a cosmopolitan group meaning you can find them all over but no single species is cosmopolitan 3 Families Otariidae Phocidae Odobenidae Otariidae 14 species external pinnae hind flippers CAN be brought under the body wing like fore flippers for flying underwater 4 teats scrotal live in marine habitats Example species Stellar s Sea Lion Eumetopias jubatus broad forhead and mane largest otariids sexually dimorphic aggressive animal extremely exploited threatened and endangered under MMPA in different part s of its range threatened by accidental and intentional fishery interactions and competition with humans for fish Galapagos Sea Lion Walks on land using both fore and hind limbs flying motion underwater with pec flippers for thrust uses lift base thrust forces entire stroke generates thrust California Sea Lion only species with visible ears Northern Fur Seal Callorhinus ursinus beautifully furred bear discovered by Stellar and Pribiof in mid 1700 s smaller than sea lions with pointed nose unregulated hunting for 100 years near extinction 1911 North Pacific Fur Seal Convention first international wildlife conservation movement only subsistence hunting permitted Phocidae 19 species NO external pinnae hind flippers CANNOT be brought under the body foreflipper short and stubby not for locomotion locomotion with hind flippers 2 teats ascrotal marine with a few freshwater 50 75 million individuals 90 of all pinnipeds Example species Ringed Seal Smallest seal Polar bear s favorite dinner Hide pups in ice lairs little cave of ice Weddel Seal Leptonychotes weddelli Placid animal Feeds on fishes Great divers 300 meters for 70 minutes Not afraid of humans remarkable divers over 600 m 70 minutes Hooded seal Cystophora cristata nose carries bladder shortest lactation of any mammal 4 days milk 60 fat pups gain 15 lbs per day bilobed nose pumped with blood display for fighting and sex secondary sex characteristic Baikal Seal Only live in 1 lake in Baikal Siberia Exclusively freshwater Leopard seal Live in the Antarctic High endothermic vertebrate predator eat phocid pups and seals Crab eater seal Doesn t eat crabs most abundant pinniped teeth form a sieve for catching krill doing well fell into a niche left open by human hunting of krill eating whales Southern Elephant Seal Mirounga leonine Largest pinniped 5m long and up to 5 000 kg Best diving record 2 hours 1500 meters Northern Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris Second largest pinniped deep diver well studied hunted to near extinction in 18 00 s only 10 12 individuals today over 110 000 individuals success story Hawaiian Monk Seal Monachus schauinslandi Highly endangered 1000 individuals solitary animals endemic to Hawaii low s sensitive to disturbance tame animals Carribean Monk Seal Monachus tropicalis discovered by Columbus in 1494 killed 100 per night for oil Extinct in the 1950 s Odobenidae 1 speceis NO external ear pinnae hind flippers CAN be brought under the body foreflippers shorter than otariids used as stabilizers swim mostly using hind flippers 4 teats