BIO 358 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I. 1972:a. eventsII. Marine Mammal Protection Acta. Definition of “take”b. Definition of Marine Mammalsi. Division of responsibilities III. Events Leading up to the MMPAa. Whalingb. Seal Clubbingc. Tuna Dolphin ProblemIV. Exemptionsa. Aboriginal tribesb. Permit SystemV. Tuna Dolphin problem Outline of Current Lecture I. Svend Foyn Inventions for whalingII. Timeline on Whaling These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. North Atlantic Right Whale Current LectureSvend Foyn – solution to whale decline – hunt balaenopterids (roquals) Reasons we haven’t hunted them yet – pelagic species and fast swimmers (morphology), and they sink when you kill themSven Foyen came up with solutions… - Commercial harpoon gun with exploding head- Exploding head – small grenade in the tip of the harpoon that kills or seriously injures the whale on impact - Foyen designs first steam powered whaling boat - Harpoon gun attached to a REALLY strong line so that when the harpoon leaves the cannon, use line to retrieve whale carcass, puncture a hole in the whale and fill it with compressed air. Where to use these? Antarctica? Huge whale resource… Commercial hunting in 1860-`920s Sven got 30 blue whales in 18681904 Larson shore-based whaling station caught 195 whales 1920 – coastal Antarctica whale stocks depleted – needed a new invention for offshore hunting Factory whaling ship with a stern ramp- Anything on a shore based whaling station on a giant vessel - Stern ramp – easy to pull whale on board- Mother ship associated with catching ships1931 – 40,000 whales1939 – 46,039 whales World War 11 – brief reprieve from commercial whaling… 2,000,000 whales taken from the southern hemisphere1946 – International group – IWC – international whaling commission convened safeguard for future generations, the great natural resource presented by whale stocks – maintain maximal sustainable utilization of whales stocks as a resource to be exploited… NOT the MMPA… designed to be able to take whales maximally while maintaining sustainable fishery.After WWII took the quota pre WWII and divvy it up beteween whaling naitionsBlue whale Unit – one blue whale or 2 fin whales or 2.5 humpbacks or 6 sei whales…Problem… everyone is going to target blue whales… DISADTEROUS – target biggest first till gone, then finwhales until rare, then sei whales and then minke whales… FLAWED MANAGEMENT SCHEME… continued until 1972… 1972 MMPA – in part because of IWC’s ineffectual management of global whale stocks… IWC – changes role and calls for a world wide moratorium on whalingPermits scientific whaling – Japan, Norway and Iceland… could set their own quotas but not sell outside of the country… capturing whales specifically to better understand biology and life history of whales… Norway and Iceland removed themselves from the IWC… Japan stayed in the game but continued to whale under scientific whaling quota… took 6,800 minke whales There are countries that want to whale… St. Kitts and Nevis Declaration -2006 – passed (33/32) - IWC’s commitment to normalizing the functions of the IWC (go back to whaling over protecting whales) - LET WHALING RESUME… Iceland, Japan, Norway, Russian Federation – were paying for small islands memberships to IWC and created a voting block that won… 2010 – IWC – 10 year peace plan – scientists get together and determine catch limits for the countries that want to whale… 2020 breathing room to find out what is going to happen… 2011 – pirate, illegal and unreported whale kills in Japanese and Russia Scott Baker – tested whale meat in japan and Korean fish markets… transferred molecular genetics lab into hotel and bought whale meat… found that a lot of the whale being sold was misrepresented as being legally caught… some were from threatened or endangered species  uncovered illegal whaling and selling of whale meat. 2014 – Australia and New Zealand sued Japan for not doing much science on scientific whaling. UN declares Japanese scientific whaling program is not meeting scientific goals… banned whaling from japan. Japan is changing the way they hunt – not taking species other than Minke whales – limited to 330 whales… applied for new scientific permit… WHAT WILL THE CONSEQUENCES FOR JAPAN BE?!USSR – came apart – we learned something about their whaling that we didn’t know before… 1991 Scott baker did humpback survey work and he could not find humpbacks even though they were protected there… massive illegal hunt by soviet union… killed everything and collected correct data… KGB took numbers and produced false records… biologists protected their real records. Take home: we have a poor record of hunting marine mammals in a sustainable way… and we do not tell the truth… how would you do this? 100 percent observer coverage… but completely independent of country, protected from governmentReview:Right whale – Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysteceti, Baleanidae, Eubalena, Galacialis North Atlantic Right Whale- we know them to individuals by callosities - skim feeders- focal prey – calanus finmarchicus – copepod - only feed 4-8 months out of the year in high latitude areas then a group of NA right whales (pregnant females) head south to give birth - 85% of remaining population location unknow at this town- Northern Florida/Southern Georgia = calving ground - Critical habitat – special protection Last right whale (calf) intentionally killed in the US in 1935 by sport fisherman off St. Augustine, Florida. 1935 right whales received international protection IWC – right whales completely taken off list of huntable speciesDespite protection there are only 500 individuals that we can identify NA right whale used to inhabit coastal waters of a huge range… now there is a very small area where they can be found… our coast… NA right whale has been extirpated from most of the north Atlantic… remnant population found along Canadian and US Atlantic coast. What is contributing to lack of recovery?- Low genetic diversity - Slow reproductive rates – calving interval for NARW in late 1990’s > 5 years… normal interval 3-4 years… not well understood… - Poor nutritional status – NARW body condition varies with