BIO 358 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture II. Odobenidae – Walrus III. Mustelidae – OttersIV.A. Sea OtterB. Marine OtterV. Ursidae – Polar Bear VI. Order Sirena A. ManateeB. DugongVII. Beginning of Cetaceans Outline of Current Lecture I. Characteristics of Order CetaceaII. Classification III. Suborder MystecetiA. BalaenidaeB. BalaenopteridaeC. EschrichtiidaeD. NeobalaenidaeII. Suborder OdontocetiA. PhysteridaeB. KogiidaeC. ZiphiidaeD. MonodontidaeE. DelphinidaeF. PhoconenidaeG. PlatanistidaeH. IniidaeI. LipotidaeJ. PontoporiidaeCurrent LectureOrder CetaceaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Characteristics: - Large body size- Very stream lined – loss of hinds limbs and modified pectorals- Almost hairless – hair on rostrum as sensory structure on young animals - Telescoping of skullo Nostrils on top of head o Jaws elongated in the front - Tail Flukes = propultion- Many have dorsal fins- Almost exclusively carnivores (some eat phytoplankton by accident)Classification:- 3 groups but only 2 evolutionary valid suborders - “archaeocetes” = extinct whales - mysticeti = baleen whales (mystii = moustache = baleen; ceti=whale)o baleen = keratinized plates hanging from upper jaw - Odontoceti = “toothed whale”o Dolphins, porpoisesSuborder Mysteciceti: 4 families, each has a different feeding strategy Balanidae – right and bowhead whales - Skim feeders - Dorsally bowed head – premaxilla dn maxilla bones hold baleen- Highly endangered o Hunted for blubber for oilo Baleen for plastic - North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) o “Large whale from the north” o The “right whale to hunt” o Coastal distributiono Slow, big while providing blubber and baleeno Floated when killed o Callosities used for identificationo Most endangered baleen whale in atlantic ocean (~500 individuals) Balaenopteridae – “rorquals” - Gulp feeders- “rorqual” = furrowed for ventral grove blubber which permits for their oral cavity to expand when it is full of water- Blue whale (balaenoptera musculus) o Largest living animalo Cosmopolitano Endangeredo Identified by pigmentation on back- Humpback whale (Megaptera novaenglidae)o “Bigwinged New Englander” o visits mid-atlantic waters (NC waters included) o identified by pigmentation patterns on tail flukes Eschrichtiidae – gray whale- Bottom suction feeder – sort coarse baleen- Single species family - Only marine mammal to be REMOVED from the endangered species act Neobalaenidae – pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) - Single species of the family- Smallest baleen whale- New Zeland biologist identified as a “cetothere” which is a family that was thought to be extinct for over 2-3 million years!!!!- If confirmed Caperea would resurrect an extinct family!- Feeding status unknown- Conservation status unknownSuborder Odontoceti: Very diverse! 10 familiesPhysteridae – sperm whale (Physter macrocephalus)- “Blower with a big head”- largest odontocetes- head = 35% of body- can dive ~2 hours up to 2000 m- suction feeder – eats cephalopods- highly endangeredKogiidae – pygmy and dwarf sperm whales- false “gill slit” = shark like appearance - secretive and solitary animals- dive deep - most common live stranding in NC- suction feeders? - Most of what we know about these guys comes from strandings- Rare speciesZiphiidae – beaked whale and bottlenosed whales - 19+ species - deep diving species- characterized by “odd teeth” o they have 1-2 pairs of teeth in their lower jaw… not usually seen in femaleso suction feeders – eat cephalopodso Shepherd’s beaked whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi)  Only ziphiid with functional teeth  Stranded specimens = only info until 2006 when a live animal was seen  Black and white pigmentationo Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) and Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)  Found in NC waters  Appear to be vulnerable to midfrenquency sonar  Monodontidae – beluga and narwal- Cutie pies… and that’s about it… - Unicorns of the sea – big tooth used for fighting… and sensing the world?!Delphinidae – true dolphins – most diverse 32+ species - Conical teeth- Peak and dosal fin- Echolocation- Social - Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) o Medium: 2.5-3.5 m long and 260-280 kgo Both a costal and estuarine form existo Most commonly stranded species in NC – most abundant animalo Entanglement in fishing gear = lots of mortality  o Dr. Randy Wells studies themo Identified by their dorsal fin markings and shapes- Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) o Pelagico White scaring with agePhoconenidae – porpoises - 6 speceis- small size- unlike dolphins = no beak - spatulate teeth - Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocena)o Small ~1.4-1.5 m long and 50-60 kgo Northern but visits mid-atlantic waters o Young animals usually strand in mid-atlantico Large numbers dead because of entanglement in fishing gear  o Dr. Randy Wells from Duke = expert - Vequita (Phoecena sinus) o Discovered in 1958 – pretty newo Endemic to mexico/upper gulf of Californa – this makes it extremely vulnerable o Killed in fishing eventso ~100 individuals remaining = CRITICALLY ENDANGEREDo most serious threat = bycatch… they are the same size as the totoaba (endangered cianid) which is fished for its swimbladder Platanistidae – Ganges and Indus river dolphins- 2 subspecies = Ganges and Indus or susu- blind/very limited vision- high functioning echolocation and tactile sensation- live in rivers in Pakistan, Bangladesh and northern India- endemic to river systems- HIGHLY ENDANGEREDIniidae - Amazonian (boto) river dolphin- Data deficient- Status not known - Discovered in 2014!!!!!Lipotidae – Yangtze (baiji) river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer) - Functionally extinct- 1997 16 individuals- 0 individuals in 2006- Threatened by habitat destruction and direct hunting - They tried ex-situ conservation = removal of species to protect themo TOTAL FAILUREPontoporiidae – fransiscana dolphins – La Plata River dolphin- Endemic with a broader distribution- Coastally distributed in shallow waters of Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil- Data deficient, unknown population