BIO 358 1st Edition Lecture 25Outline of Last Lecture I. Svend Foyn Inventions for whalingII. Timeline on Whaling III. North Atlantic Right Whale Outline of Current Lecture I. Deep Diving Mammals and Sonar Current LectureTake – NOT ALLOWED – harassing, hunting, capturing, killing or collecting or attempting thes things… New exemptions- the Navy’s actions can be exempt from the MMPA in case of national defense. NC = perfered site for naval training of mid-frequency sonar. Onslow bay… 500 square nautical miles wired for sound so that navy can understand how well they are doing submarine exercises… regularly active… Marine Mammals & Sonar: 1) atypical multispecies beaked whale mass strandings (international 1985-2002) 2) mass strandings of social odontocetes All associated with mid-frequency sonar – 1)causal relationship 2) not that agreement. Beaked whale & sonar –tissues hypothesized to be supersaturated with nitrogen from diving behavior. Mesoplodon europaeus (gervais’s beaked whale), Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainsvill’s ) & Cuvier’s beaked whale… These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Canary islands Spain: Simmonds & Lopez-Jurado 1991- whales and the military… 1985-1989 stranding events occurred coinciding with Navy Sonar events, no necropsys performed. causal link hypothesized, no mechanism ID. 1996 Kyparissiakos Gulf, Greece Francis 1998 coined the term atypical… long stretch of beach over 2 dayperiods… (typical everyone hits the shore at the same time)… animals necropsies, no abnormalities (not epizootic), evidence of recent feeding (sudden on set of event)… coincident with NATO acoustic trials – hypothesized LFAS – low frequency active sonar… both low frequency and midfrequency sonar used. Fancis identifies potential cause = exposure to sonar (how and why = unknown) 2000 Bahamas Islands: many species mass strandings including Mysticetes… most live stranded… necropsies revealed good body condition and recent feeding; heads catscaned  auditory structural damage; subarachnoid hemorrhaging (bleeding around the brain); cochlear duct hemorrhage (bleeding into the inner ear). Coincident to US Navy tactile mid-frequency sonar most plausible source of trauma according to NOAA & US Navy (2001, publication not finalized). Madeira Island Portugal coincident with NATO ecercises… same damage 2002 Canary Islands Spain VERY IMPORTANT EVIDENCE… atypical mass stranding 14 beaked whales began 4 hours after sonar; necropsies conducted: found no disease, full stomach (sudden) severe congestion and hemorrhage in acoustic jaw fats, ears, brain, kidneys… gas bubble lesions and fat emboli in vessels and tissues of many organs. Symptoms like acute decompression sickness in human divers (in vivo gas bubble formation from exposure to Navy Sonar) exact etiology still unknown. Hypothesis for bubble formation 1) direct effect – energy impulse of sound from high amplitude sound – acoustically mediated bubble formation and bubble growth via rectified diffusion by destabilizing preexisting bubble nuclei. Sound triggers, but then bubbles continue to grow b/c of supersaturated tissue 2) indirect effect - animal is changing stereotypic dive behavior, which causes bubble formation in super saturated tissues. 2006 people came together to discuss – gas bubble formation due to indirect response to exposure = plausible.Direct effect: Sonar happens  tissue damage  stranding  death Indirect: Sonar happens  animals change behavior (Tyack study in Bahamas)  tissue damage  stranding  death Indirect: sonar happens  swim away from sound into shallow water stranding  death. What do you look for in an animal that has run away… mass strandings of social odontocetes… July 3rd 2004 – 150-200 melon heated whales in Hanalei bay, deep water pelagic species… not normal. RIMPAC exercises – Navy ceased activity – whales stayed n the bay… managed to get whales out of the bay… sonar plausible/likely cause – highly anomalous event… Mass stranding of short finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrohynchus) Bodie Island – multi agency response No DCS – no gas bubble lesions = no conclusive evidence, doesn’t mean species didn’t run from sound… Navy said no marine mammals had been observed… extremely rare strandingData gaps & research needed. 1) improve monitoring methods y the use of new sensing technology – harp (high frequency acoustic record package) 2) find out what species are in the regions where the navywants to do activities. Areal survey – Onslow bay… sightings (lots of species bottlenose and Atlantic spotted dolphins), very few cetaceans in Onslow bay… switched to Jacksonville Florida… Jacksonville cites is right off shore of the nursery area of Eubalena Glacialis… part of the world that is very important to right whales… organizations sued the navy… 2010 – offered a solution – no testing during the winter when whales are up north, solution denyed… judge permit Navy yar round use of USWTR – let navy do what they gotta do – Navy’s actions exempt under MMPA…March 31’ 2015 – NRDC COURT RULES FOR WHALES… Hawaii and California – sued NOAA b/c NOAA permitted the navy to take lots of species. Arbitrary and capricious finding under MMPA… must examine authorized take, not anticipated take… does not satisfy ESA. THIS EVENT LEAVES THE FUTURE UNCLEAR… the navy lives by the rules… NOAA CAN NO LONGER PERMIT THE NAVY TO DO WHAT THE NAVY