EBIO 3400 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Exam 1 review (Lectures 1-9)Introduction to MicrobiologyWhat is microbiology? - The study of organisms that require a microscope to see - Microbes = macrobes Define bakterion (bacteria), fungus, and virus. State the singular and plural way to say these organisms as well.- Bacteria: “small staff” singular: bacterium; plural: bacteria - Fungus: “mushroom” singular: fungus; plural: fungi- Virus: “poison or potent juice” singular: virus; plural: viruses What are the two units used to describe how small a “micro” is? And which size description does bacteria, archaea, and fungi classify under?- Micrometer (µm) (10-6 meters) 1 millionth of a meter- Nanometer (nm) (10-9 meters) 1 billionth of a meter - Bacteria and archaea are usually several micrometers in diameter and fungi are 5-10+ micrometersin diameter Lecture 2 (January 15th)Match the biologist with their correct innovation: 1) Paul Ehrlich A. First to observe microscopic fungi – 30x mag (discovering cells) 2) Linnaeus B. Fascination with magnifying glasses to inspect cloth (300X) 3) John Tyndall C. Father of microbiology4) Louis Pasteur D. Showed that repeated cycles of heat were necessary to eliminate spores formed by certain kinds of bacteria 5) Robert Hooke E. Studied anthrax (disease of cattle & sheep)6) Whittaker F. Discovered that agar could be used as a solidifying agent for bacteriological media7) Sergi Winogradsky G. Could see tiny “animalcules” swimming in water with his microscope8) Anton von Leeuwenhoek H. Noticed bacteria picked up certain stains more readily than did mammalian tissue and chemotherapy I. Discovered the microbial basis of fermentation. Also showed that providing oxygen does not enable spontaneous generation J. Discovered that the penicillium mold generated a substance that kills bacteriaK. Use media that is designed to isolate specific metabolic groups from nature  N2-fixing bacteria and many other discoveriesL. first to describe sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa using enrichment cultureM. Divided the world into animal, vegetable, and mineral (called microbial world chaos) N. 5 kingdom system: plants, animals, fungi, protists & bacteria O. First to record observations of microbes through simple microscopes 9) Fannie Hesse 10) Flemming11) Robert Koch 12) Martinus Beijerinck Answer: 1) H, 2) M, 3) D, 4) C, I & O, 5) A, 6) N, 7) L, 8) B & G, 9) F, 10) J, 11) E, 12) K Explain the theory of spontaneous generation- Vague definition: Idea that things (microbes) could come from nothing and a lot of observations where there is nothing then there's something - Microbes were thought to be the result of disease not the cause of it Explain who opposed the theory of spontaneous generation and why- The clergy and theologians - Francesco Redi (Italian priest) - Because it was against their teachings Who disproved spontaneous generation and with what experiment? (may be more than one scientist)-Francesco Redi disproved with the meat experiment - showed that only uncovered meat that was exposed to flies produced maggots- Pastuer – The swan-neck flask (nothing larger than gases can diffuse in)“vital force”= oxygen * he put an end to the idea that there was some vital force in airDefine anaerobe, aerobe and facultative anaerobes - Anaerobe: without air/oxygen- Aerobe: with O2, use Oxygen in their metabolism - Facultative: aerobes that can also grow anaerobically (ex: E. Coli & brewers yeast) What did Pasteur discover from his experimentation with wine?- The good wine: yeast fermented the juice into alcohol- The bad wine: bacteria fermented the juice into lactic acid List some preservatives that arise from ethanol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation- Ethanol fermentation: beer, wine, and bread (sugar + pyruv ethanol + CO2)- Lactic acid fermentation: yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles (sugar + pyruv lactic acid)Describe Pasteurization- To keep microbes out of wine must simply heat the wine gently below boiling point- Pasteurization ≠ Sterilization- Beer/Wine = 63oC for 30 min- Milk = 71oC for 15s or 141oC for 2sWhat is an autoclave and how it is used?- Used for sterilization that uses heat and pressure and sterilization is achieved at 121 degrees C under pressure - Used to sterilize bacteria that have endospores such as Bacillus (aerobe) and Clostridium (anaerobe) What group of microbes is resistant to the autoclave?- Strain 121 – Iron reducing Archaea aren’t killed by autoclaves, they actually grow in them due to being extremophiles - Discovered by Derek Lovely and found near a hydrothermal vent in pacific Ocean Describe tyndallization? Why does it work?- Used autoclave and pressure cooker and was also used to sterilize hard-to-sterilize liquids- Boil for 20 minutes  cool overnight  boil again  repeat as needed- Because many firmicutes (bacteria found in some soils) have heat-activated endospores (bacillus and Clostridium) (aka they germinate after exposure to heat or other stresses) Why are the firmicutes the real minority in the normal soil but after burning they go from hardly being detectable to one of the dominant groups? - Heat activated, fire killed everything else, dormant (inactive) before the fire then they were heat activated Who is British nurse Florence Nightingale and why is she significant?- Recognized the significance of disease in warfare and founded the science of medical statistics to show the deaths of soldiers due to various causes and devised the “polar area chart” What was the cause of the bubonic plague and what were the symptoms?- Bubos = enlarged lymph nodes, armpits groin and neck where bacteria congregates - Symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, fever/hemorrhaging, death can occur 2-4 days after onset of symptoms, 50% chance of surviving if untreated What are the three types of plague? - Bubonic (lymph nodes), Septicemic (blood)- not passed from person to person, and pneumonic (lung) plague. Only pneumonic plague can pass directly between individuals. Death rate for pneumonic plague is nearly 100%. Can be spread by coughing or sneezingWhat agent causes the plagues?- Caused by Yersinia pestis (y. pestis) (Gammaproteobacteria) – non-motile and gram –- From small rodents- Plague spreads rapidly because it blocks flea digestion – flea can have a blood meal but still feels starved and will jump from host to hostLecture 3