EBIO 3400 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture II. Gram positive bacteriaIII. Review of GC contentIV. FirmicutesV. The Nose and upper respiratory tractVI. The Lactic Acid BacteriaVII. Streptococcal DiseasesVIII. LactobacilliIX. Wine and lactic acid bacteria Outline of Current Lecture X. Actinobacteria XI. Actinomycetes XII. Nonmycelial Actinobacteria XIII. Lactic Acid Bacteria XIV.GenomesXV. Deep Branching Gram Negative BacteriaXVI. Leptospira interrogansXVII. Physiology metabolism XVIII. AcidobacteriaXIX. BacteriodetesCurrent LectureI. Actinobacteria (=actinomycetes)Phylum ActinobacteriaMost famous genus = Streptomycesa. Obligate aerobesb. Form mycelia that fragment into smaller cells called arthrosporesc. HIGH GC GRAM POSITIVES: Phylum Actinobacteria ActinomycetesCorynebacteriaPropionic acid bacteriaBifidobacteriaMicrococciThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Mycobacterium- The Actinobacterial group is one of the most intensively studied groups of bacteria - Huge biotechnological interest - antibiotics Disease causing organisms: Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium Most famous genus = Streptomyces- Obligate aerobes- Form mycelia that fragment into smaller cells called arthrospores- • Produce many important antibiotics, including- Streptomycin - originally from S. griseusII. Actinomycetes Antibiotics • Most important genus is Streptomyces - over 500 described species• Produce many important antibiotics, includingStreptomycin - originally from S. griseusA. Nonmycelial Actinobacteria  Mycobacterium- Rod-shaped cells- Have thick cell walls with mycolic acids and phenolic glycolipids- Detected by the acid-fast stain- M. tuberculosis: TB- M. leprae: leprosy- M. smegmatis: a harmless commensal of human skinA. Irregularly Shaped ActinomycetesCorynebacterium diphtheriaea. Causes diphtheriab. Divides by a “half-snapping” mechanismArthrobacter: Unusual cell cycle: Coccoid → rod → coccoid- Irregular branched filaments- Has a rod-coccus growth cycle- In log phase, they are rods that replicate via snapping division. In stationary phase, they are coccoid and more resistantB. Coryneform Bacteria: “coryne” name comes from “club”: some are club shaped some are usually rod shaped and arranged as Vs or palisades due to snapping division (Don’t detached completely from each other, cell wall attached at one end)a. A bunch of them that didn’t separate: palisadeb. Corynebacterium spp. are common aerobic organisms of soil. One species, C. diphtheriae causes diphtheria• Snapping division: 2 thick peptidoglycan layers- Inner layer of cell wall grows inward to divide 2 new cells. As it thickens, it puts tension on outer wall until it ruptures. The snapping tears the outer wall apart except at one point, which holds the 2 cells together like a hingeIII. Lactic Acid Bacteria GOODL. delbrueckii yogurt lactose ----> glucose ----> lactic acidS. thermophilus mouth/yogurt galactose ----> lactic acidO. oeni wine malic acid ----> lactic acidL. acidophilus vagina/colon glycogen ----> glucose ----> lactic acidBADS. mutans teeth sucrose ----> glucose ----> lactic acidfructose ----> lactic acidIV. Genomesc. Streptomyces have large genomes and lots of genesd. Logic of why genomes are diff sizes? Why this organism has such a large genome because of what it can do, Pseudomonas very versatile, live on flowers and cause infection, switch metabolic mode to live on plant and on human so lots of genes for thate. Versatile things do have large genomes because they need more genes f. Things that have co-evolved a long time on a host: lose genes, bare minimum to survive in a host but would die in the soil because have no cell wall, dependent Rank the genomes of the following bacteria from the largest (a) to the smallest (e) 57. . Streptomyces coelicolor (a producer of numerous antibiotics and siderophores)58. . Pseudomonas aeruginosa (an opportunistic pathogen)59. . Lactobacillus bulgaricus 60. . Mycoplasma genitalium (an obligate pathogen)61. . Mitochondria of Eucarya (In order from a-e) V. Deep Branching Gram Negative BacteriaSome Gram-negative bacteria branch more deeply from the Proteobacteria than the five Greek-lettered classes do from one another.Thus, they are classified as separate phyla.Many members of these phyla are obligate anaerobes.They have diverse lifestyles and habitats, from aquatic phototrophs to human symbionts and pathogensA. Spirochetes: -Very well defined monophyletic group-Very diverse - Huge surface are- Internalized flagella  Phylum of heterotrophic bacteria The best known are animal pathogens:- Treponema pallidum: syphilis- Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease- Leptospira interrogans  Spirochetes grow in a wide range of habitats- Anaerobic muds and sediments, the human body....- In the termite gut, they form elaborate symbiotic associations to assist in the digestion of cellulose- Spirochetes fix nitrogen for termites – wood (cellulose) has very little nitrogen- Helping them digest the cellulose directly- Wood is cellulose but no nitrogen- Anything eating wood needs a source of amino acids desperately so spirochetes are fixing nitrogen - Black dots mean they have the genes and expressing the genes to fix nitrogen make amino acids and proteins just from the air then spirochetes can help them digest nitrogen spirochetes - Pathogens are taking amino acids  Spirochetes live in diverse habitats  Usually anaerobic (facultative or obligate Group contains some important pathogens, but most are harmless muck dwellers (or e.g. between your teeth) Treponema pallidum - Syphilis Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme Disease Leptospira interrogans - an aerobic spirochaete VI. Leptospira interrogansGram Negative- Often very long cells especially if nutrients limiting, can also form balls of intertwined cells that may aid in survival in soil- -Leptospira interrogans - pathogen found in rodents and many other mammals. Has one flagellum at each end- -Leptospira biflexa - free living - Leptospira spread to dogs mostly, kidney disease- When peed out of dog and into soil start to starve so entwined with other ones and form survival ball that will get mostly licked up by dog VII. Physiology metabolism - Main energy source are long-chain fatty acids-