Endo 4440 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (January 14th) Introduction to endocrinology Describe what endocrinology means. Describe two definitions one including the key word hormone and the second definition using the word bioregulator.Definition including the word “hormone”:- A hormone or chemical messenger that travels through the blood to their target tissue and elicits a specific effect that is either stimulatory or inhibitory. Definition including the word “bioregulator”:- Bioregulator released from cell into the extracellular space  blood, CSF, lymph, ECF until it reaches a target cell and causes a physiological effect Define exocrine glands vs. endocrine glands and give examples of each -Endocrine gland: “endo” –into the blood. Empty their secretions to the outside world and secrete through ducts to the surface. Example: kidney, liver -Exocrine gland: “exo” – into GI tract or empty their secretions to the outside world and secrete through ducts to the surface. Examples: tears and sweatOf the ones listed below which are endocrine organs:1) Kidney 2) Thyroid 3) Liver 4) Pituitary 5) Adipose fat 6) Testis 7) Ovary 8) Brain 9) Bone10) Endothelium of artery 11) Pineal 12) Heart 13) Stomach 14) Small intestine 15) Adrenal cortexAnswer: all of them secrete hormones! Name all of the bioregulators and their subclasses if necessary: (Hint: there are 5 of them) Be able to describe the importance of each.- Hormones, neurocrines (neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones), cytocrines (paracrines, autocrines) intracrines, semiochemicals (pheromones, allelomones)Match each type of bioregulator with their particular function. Note: one answer may be used more than once or none at all: A. Secreted by all cells and secreted IN the cell ______B. Affect other cell types _______C. Released to synapse and causes a direct effect on target cell (no action potential)_____D. Secreted by the organism and affect the same species______E. Secreted by neurons_______ F. Secreted by endocrine cells into the blood or lymph_______G. Affect the self-cell ______1) neurohormones 3) cytocrines 5) paracrine 7) hormones 9) intracrines2) autocrine 4) allelohormones 6) neurotransmitters 8) pheromones 10) neuromodulators 11) neurocrines Answer: A= 9, B= 5, C= 10, D= 8, E= 11, F= 1 & 7, G= 2Can a single bioregulator act as all of the following?- Hormone- Neurocrine- Paracrine/Autocrine- PheromoneAnswer: Yes an example would be estrogens that possess all 4 bioregulators. Prostaglandin, which is a hormone that is released during pregnancy, produced in the CNS as a pain desensitizer. Paracrine because it causes an inflammatory response, neurocrine because released by millions of neurons during this type of stress on the body. Pheromones are also released during pregnancy Lecture 2 (January 15)Define tonic vs. phasic and give an example of each:- Tonic: steady overtime ex: thyroid hormone - Phasic: fluctuations ex: LH and GnRH hormones Describe the 5 biological rhythms:1) Diurnal “diel” driven by 24 hour light/dark cycle (day-active= diurnal, night active= nocturnal) 2) Circadian - approximately 24 hours (>24 or <24 hrs) aka “internal” clock3) Lunar Cycles – 28 day cycles, menstrual cycle4) Circannual – annual or seasonal Match the letter with the correct feedback response:A) Negative feedback i. Insulin response to excess glucose in the bloodB) Feedforward ii. Child birth releasing oxytocin C) Positive feedback iii. Glucose too low in the blood If you inject testosterone into a male and the testosterone initially increases but eventually went back down to original level. This is an example of which feedback mechanism?Answer: Negative FeedbackTestosterone is produced by two testes. If you removed one testis from a man, testosterone initially decreases but eventually goes back up to its original level. This is an example of what feedback mechanism?Answer: Negative feedback because still returning system toward its set point Lecture 3 (January 20th) Why are target cells important and what is it’s main characteristic? - Binds a specific bioregulator or ligand so must have affinity for a specific bioregulator and it is a lock a key fitWhat are the three main roles of a specific protein receptor (R) 1) Causes an enzymatic activation2) Opens ion channels in the cell membrane3) Activates transcription factors (act on DNA or nucleus) Which ways can you display when receptors are bound?- Ro (occupied receptor), L-R (ligand receptor bound complex)Why is it important to test bioregulators at multiple doses?- To study physiological levels when wanting to figure out if a specific hormone is present in the blood (pg/mL or ng/mL)- To study pharmacological levels for clinical reasons and disease diagnosing (mg/mL or ug/mL)What 2 things determine a hormone biological half-life?- Metabolism and/or excretion What does secretion defined as?- Synthesis + release How do you measure the blood level of a hormone?- Result of secretion and removal rates. Determines about how much of that hormone remains Define pharmacological dose.- A pharmacological dose produces a biological level that exceeds naturally occurring levels which is intentional for clinical and research settings. Bioregulators that have effect at pharmacological levels will have different effects at physiological levels and have different response at each levelExplain three possible different responses to an increase in dosage: 1) Responses may start to plateau at higher levels because they are no more receptors able to bind, max out receptors, or low level of receptors for some hormones2) Responses may reach an optimal dose at a higher dose  stronger the effect at optimal dose then the response suddenly diminishes due to the overstimulation. Also the receptors may desensitize/down-regulate receptors or may just be toxic 3) Responses may have different bioregulators that have different optimal dosesIf a bioregulator stores before releasing, does it have a faster or slower response to stimuli? - Quicker response because it takes less time to react or respond (already made) Explain the synthesis of DNA and why are splice variants important:1) RNA (splice variants)  mRNA polypeptides  proteins or peptides- Splice variants can produce multiple products from 1 DNA moleculeWhat are proteins and peptides synthesized from? Do they store or just