PLB 115 1st EditionControl Mechanisms Lecture 16Previous Notes’ OutlineI. BiotechnologyII. DNA FingerprintingIII. DNA Fingerprinting TechniqueIV. Polymerase chain reactionV. ElectrophoresisVI. Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR)VII. Genetic Modification of OrganismsVIII. How to Clone a GeneIX. Insulin from BacteriaX. Purpose of Genetically Modified OrganismsXI. Cloning OrganismsXII. Stem CellsXIII. Personalized Stem Cell LinesXIV. EthicsCurrent Notes’ OutlineI. Glucose Controla. Insulinb. GlucagonII. Negative Feedback ControlIII. Positive Feedback RegulationIV. Negative-Feedback Inhibition & HormonesV. Endocrine Systema. Hormonesb. Glandsc. FunctionVI. Target Cells ResponseVII. Hormone Action Examplesa. Epinephrine and norepinephrineb. Antidiuretic hormoneVIII. Nervous System and Endocrine System Functiona. Anterior Pituitaryb. Posterior PituitaryIX. Nervous System and Endocrine System FunctionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.X. Nervous System FunctionXI. Organization of the Nervous SystemXII. Autonomic Nervous SystemXIII. Peripheral Nervous SystemXIV. Structure of Nervous SystemXV. Activities at the SynapseXVI. Neurotransmitter ActivitiesXVII. Central Nervous SystemXVIII. Organization of the Central Nervous SystemGlucose ControlInsulin- When blood glucose level rises, the pancreas is stimulated to release insulin (hormone)- Insulin removes glucose from blood & instead be stored as glycogen in liver & muscles - Glucose level in blood falls & pancreas stops producing insulinGlucagon- When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas releases glucagon (hormone)- Glucagon stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose & glucose is released in the blood causing blood glucose level to rise - Glucose level of blood rises & pancreas stops producing glucagonNegative Feedback Control- Homeostatic mechanismo Ex: Temperature, heart rate, blood pH, blood osmotic pressure, blood sugar- Occurs when an increase in the response to a stimulus results in a decrease in the stimulus which leads to a decrease in response - Functions to maintain a set point Positive Feedback Regulation- When the response to a stimulus results in a further increase in the stimulus- Plays an important role in certain body functions o Ex: Childbirth, Blood clottingNegative-Feedback Inhibition & Hormones- Many endocrine actions are controlled by negative-feedback inhibition- Often involves a hormone produced by one gland stimulating or inhibiting the production of hormones of other glandsEndocrine System:A collection of glands that communicate with one another and with body tissues through the release of hormonesHormones: chemical signals released by one organ, transported to another organ & triggers a change in activity Glands:organs that make &release specific chemicals Endocrine glands - Lack ducts - Secrete hormones in to the circulatory system Exocrine glands - Have ducts - Release their products into the digestive tract or onto the skin - Digestive glands, sweat glandsFunction of Endocrine System- Hormones released by endocrine glands travel throughout the entire bodyo only bind to and affect target cells that have receptorsTarget Cells Response- Releasing products that have been previously made - Making new molecules or beginning metabolic activity - Dividing and growing*Some endocrine actions are fast, others, those that require cell growth or manufacture of molecules, take longerHormone Action ExamplesEpinephrine and norepinephrine - Released by the adrenal medulla during emergency situations - Acts quickly - Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate - Pushes blood to muscles Antidiuretic hormone - Released from posterior pituitary in response to dehydration - Acts more slowly - Targets kidney cells - Increases the re-absorption of waterNervous System and Endocrine System Function- Pituitary gland often links the functions of the endocrine system and nervous systemo Pituitary gland… Located at the base of the brain  Divided into two partsAnterior pituitaryo Develops from a part of the lining of the mouth cavity o Produces hormones that trigger other glands to release their hormones o Receives commands by way of the circulatory system from chemicals released from the hypothalamusPosterior pituitaryo Develops from a part of the brain o Hormones produced in brain travel down axons to posterior pituitary o Brain hormones are stored and released into the bloodstream when called forHormones of PituitaryNervous System and Endocrine System Functiono Because pituitary is connected to the brain, many sensory inputs affect the endocrine system o Stress can affect endocrine functionEx: In songbirds, the length of day causes hormonal changes that prepare the animals for reproduction. o Length of day is sensed by the pineal body in the braino The pineal gland controls the release of hormones from the pituitary o These pituitary hormones stimulate the reproductive organs to grow and secrete reproductive hormoneso These reproductive hormones trigger courtship and mating behaviors that are under control of the nervous systemNervous System Functiono Important in making rapid adjustmentso Basic functional organizationo Sense organs send messages thru nerves to the brain o Brain interprets information o Messages sent to muscles and glands by way of nerves o Muscles and glands respondOrganization of the Nervous SystemSomatic nervous system o Nerves that control voluntary actions of the skeletal musclesAutonomic nervous systemo Nerves that control the involuntary muscles, the heart, and glandsPeripheral Nervous Systemo Located outside the skull and vertebral columno Consists of bundles of axons and dendrites called nerveso Two kinds of peripheral nerves Sensory nerves carry information from sense organs to brain or spinal cord o Nerve cells have long dendrites that carry input from the sense organ to central nervous system o Motor nerves carry information from brain to muscles and glands o Usually have one long axon that runs from the spinal cord to the muscle or glandStructure of Nervous Systemo Network of cells that carry information from one part of the body to anothero Made up of specialized cells called neurons o Cell body or soma contains the nucleus o Dendrites receive information and carry it to the cell bodyo Axons carry information away from the cell bodyActivities at the