PLB 115 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6-11Lecture 6 (Tuesday Feb 10th- Circulatory System)Organ Systems of transport: Circulatory system, Lymphatic system, Respiratory system, Digestivesystem, Excretory system.- Purpose: Big, multicellular organisms use them to deliver oxygen & nutrients to cells & get rid of waste productsCardio Vascular System: Pumps blood- Made up of: Blood, Heart, Vessels- Blood: Fluid that transports materials and heat- Heart: Muscle that forcefully pumps blood throughout body- Vessels: Move blood through bodyo 3 kinds: Arteries (carry blood away from heart to tissues), veins (from tissues to heart), capillaries ( really thin & small, carry out transport btwn cells & blood)Blood- Made of: Several kinds of cells (formed elements) & plasma (dissolved materials)Functions- Transports molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.) & cells (immune cells, antibodies)- Regulates temperature : Temp too high & blood pushed to surface of skin to radiate heat; Temp too low & blood brought in to core to preserve body heatFormed elements (of blood)- Red blood cells: No nucleus, attaches to hemoglobin, transports oxygen & carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate to dissolve in blood)o Anemia= Not able to carry (enough) oxygen correctly Caused by low amounts of iron (needed to transport oxygen) or low amounts of hemoglobin/red blood cells- White blood cells (leukocytes): (No hemoglobin, have a nucleus) o Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes  Function: Defend body against microorganisms, damaging chemicals, cancers- Platelets (thrombocytes): Fragments of special white blood cello Function: Blood clotting- platelets come to wound site, start reactions to trap blood cells & form a clot, clots (scabs) then replaced by healthy tissuePlasma- Liquid part- 90% water- Have salts that buffer & maintain blood pH & maintain osmotic balanceContainProteins o Albumin: Primarily helps maintain osmotic balance & blood pHo Globulin: Antibodies & other immune proteins Basic regulatory proteins- Lipoproteins carry fats & cholesterolNutrientso Amino acids & sugars dissolved hereo HormonesHeart: Pumps blood by repeatedly contracting to move blood into vessels & keep blood moving4 chambers: 2 ventricles & 2 atria2 ventricles: Large & muscular, force blood through arteries to body. Aorta & pulmonary arterycome out of ventricles.Right Ventricle: pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation for carbon dioxide & oxygen exchange in lungs)Left Ventricle: Pumps blood to all other body parts (from heart) o Called systemic circulation- allows delivery of oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange in the tissues2 atria (atrium): Above ventricles. Small, thin walls, pump blood into ventriclesRight Atrium: Receives blood from bodyLeft Atrium: Receives blood from lungs- Ventricle & atrium separated by atrioventricular valves to ensure blood doesn’t flow in wrong direction- Aorta & pulmonary arteries separated by semilunar valves to prevent backflow upon relaxationo Damaged valves= inefficient pumping. “Heart murmurs” as some blood is pushed backwardsArteries: Pump blood away from heart- branch out into arterioles- Thick, muscular, elastic walls (stretch when blood pressure increases b/c ventricle contraction)o Blood pressure measured here- Systolic blood pressure: The contraction of the ventricles that increases pressure in arteries- Diastolic blood pressure: Relaxation of the ventricles that decreases pressure in arterieso Normal blood pressure: Systolic/Diastolic- 120/80Arterioles: Small arteries that empty into capillaries- Walls have smooth muscle that contract or relaxo Contraction: Lessens blood flow to capillarieso Relaxation: Increases blood flow to capillariesVeins: Collect blood from capillaries & return it to heart- Walls not so muscular, very low pressure (slow blood movement, contractions help speed flow)- Valves to prevent backflow (dysfunction= varicose veins)o Sitting or standing for long time can cause pooling of blood in the feet & swelling & fainting b/c brain doesn’t get enough blood (blood given to feet instead)Lecture 7 (Tuesday, February 17th -Respiratory System)Respiratory System: Moves air into & out of body (utilizing below structures to do so)o Lungs: Allow gas exchange between air & blood Trachea: Tube. Carries air in & out of lungs. - Branches into Bronchi, Bronchioles, end in alveoli (small circular sacs where gas exchange takes place with a very large collective surface area)Lung Function: Blood & air movemento Blood enters lungs high in carbon dioxide & low in oxygen/air enters high in oxygen, low in carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to air. Oxygen diffuses from air to blood.Capillaries & AlveoliLungs= specialized: Blood (capillaries) & air (alveoli) come very close togethero Capillary & alveoli walls= really thin & allow diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide across their walls to get inside/outside themProblems with Lung Function: Reduction in gas exchange efficiency. o Poor pumping heart: reduces amount of blood sent to lungso Constriction of bronchioles: Reduces amount of air entering alveoli (causing asthma)o Reduction of # alveoli: Reduction in surface area for gas exchange (causing emphysema) Lecture 8 (Thursday February 19th - Digestive System)Digestive System: Processes & distributes nutrientso Steps: Mechanical Processing, Chemical Processing, Nutrient Uptake, Chemical Alteration- A muscular tube (esophagus) & glands that secrete digestive juices with enzymes & acids Mechanical & Chemical Processing: Large pieces of food broken down to individual molecules that can be easily absorbed into the blood stream- Mechanical: Chewing in the oral cavity (mouth) to make food smaller, more compact- thus increasing total surface areao In mouth: (Mechanical & chemical processing) Food mixes with water (dissolves stuff) & saliva (contains enzyme amylase that begins to break down starch)o In stomach: (Mechanical & Chemical processing) Food churned by stomach muscle’s contractions to mix food with digestive juices that contain water & enzymes (Pepsin- breaks down proteins) & hydrochloric acid (low pH-2 that denatures proteins & kills foreign organisms)o Small intestine: (Chemical processing) Completes digestion with added digestive juices & its enzymes that break down all food (carbs, proteins, fats) 1st part: Duodenum- Produces hormones that regulate