SOC 3310 1st EditionExam# 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7 - 9Lecture 7 (March19)Chapter 9Group Units – Two or more people who are seen as a unit and interact with one another.Cohesion – the degree to which a group is connected. Ex. A line of people at Starbucks has less cohesion than an athletic team or a family.Presence of others impacting performance – when aroused by the presence of others, we have a tendency to preform either better or worse depending on our level of comfort and experience with the task.Social Facilitation- the trend toward a stronger performance in the presence of others.Triplett.Physiological Response to others-We become physiologically aroused by the stimulation of others observing us.Mere Exposure- the presence of other people is enough to cause us physical arousal, whether positive or negative.Social Loafing- The tendency among individuals preforming in a group task to exert less effort than if they were performing the task alone.Free rider effect- individuals slack off because they think the group can do it without them.Sucker effect- you observe other people not putting in total effort so you reduce your effort too.We are actors and the world is our audience. Social facilitation happens even in animals and insectsEvaluation apprehension- even with simple tasks, awareness that we are being evaluated can motivate us, but when the task is not well learned and practiced then the evaluation apprehension hinders performance.Lecture 8 (March 26)Chapter 6Attitude-having an evaluative component toward a stimulus that is made up of affective, behavioral, and cognitive informationAmbivalent Attitudes- simultaneously experiencing strong contradictory emotions or motivationsImplicit Attitudes- attitudes that are automatically formed and activated without even being aware of it.Explicit Attitudes- an attitude one recognizes and can control.Laurie A. Rudman- pointed out 4 factors that differentiate between implicit and explicit attitudes. Early experiences, affective experiences, cultural biases, and cognitive consistency principlesAffective Experiences- experience based on emotionsMain Components of Attitude- Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive.Effects of paying attention to negative information- negative information tends to override positive information.Classical Conditioning- a type of learning by which a neutral stimulus gets paired with a stimulus tat elicits a response. Through repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus by itself elicits the response of the second stimulus. Ex. Pavlov’s dogs.Observational Learning on Attitudes- acquiring an attitude or behavior due to the observation of others exhibiting that attitude or behaviorAttitudes influence behavior when the attitude is strong due to knowledge on the subject, how many times we have thought or discussed the subject, and personal experience with the subject.You can change your attitude after you behave to counter cognitive dissonance. We look at our behavior to determine our attitudes- self perception theoryChapter 5Internal and External AttributionsDispositional Attribution-inferring that a person’s traits, something internal, caused his or her behaviorCorrespondence Inference Theory- the theory that people base their inferences regarding the source of other’s behaviors on whether or not the behavior was freely chosen, if the consequences are distinctive, and if the behavior was socially desirable.Covariation Theory-the theory that people base their inferences regarding the source of other’s behaviors on whether or not there is a consensus regarding the way one ought to respond, the distinctiveness of the response, and the consistency of the person’s response across siuations.Fundamental Attribution Error- The correspondence bias. The tendency of people to make dispositional attributions for others’ behaviors.Spontaneous Trait Inference-the process of automatically inferring traits from another person’s behavior.Cultural Influences on Attributions- collectivist vs individualistic cultures.Soloman Asch Information Impression- your impression of someone or something changes dramatically depending on what you have heard about the person/thingSix Basic Emotions- happiness, fear, sadness, anger, surprise, and disgust.Lecture 9(April 2nd)Chapter 8Chameleon Effect- the nonconcious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one’s interaction partner, such as one’s behavior passively and unintentionally changes to matc that of others in one’s current social environment.Forms of social influence-Social norms, conformity,MuzaferSherif light study (how far did the light move)- the light was stationary, but if other people believed it moved-they could make someone else believe it was moving too.Injunctive Norms- Behaviors of which people typically approve or disapprove in a given group or situation.Asch’s study- line study on conformityConformity – a type of social influence in which an individual changes his or her behaviors to stay in line with social norms.Minority Influence- a process in which a small number of people within a group guide a change in the group’s attitude or behavior.Door in the Face Technique – a compliance technique in which the requester makes an initial offer that is much larger than the target offer in the hope that the final offer will have the appearance of the requester doing a favor for the target person.Deindividualization has a major effect on our ability to do terrible things.Chapter 3Schema- An automatically created cognitive framework that helps guide the way we think about and understand the society around us.Bargh and colleagues (1996) elderly study- being primed with sterotypes makes you more likely to live in to them.Selective Filtering- Paying more attention to sensory information that fits a given schema at the same timefiltering out information that is inconsistent. Automatic processing- the processing of information “on the fly” using schemas as shortcutsControlled processing-a type of mental processing that takes purposeful thought and effort as decisions orcourses of action are weighed carefully.Amygdala-A small structure found in the medial temporal lobe of the brain’s limbic system that is involved in automating processing and emotion.“Hot hand” in basketball- representativeness heuristic, you estimate the likelihood of an event based on how well it fits with your expectations of a model for that