Psych 202 Lecture March 10 2015 Attachment and Temperament Important for Development into Adulthood Different Levels of attachment Ainsworth s research The Strange Situation o 4 categories securely attached best to have and most common avoidant anxious ambivalent often due to inconsistent parenting and disorganized Deprivation of attachment orphanages abuse o Romanian Orphanages If institutionalized for more than 8 months lasting emotional scars If adopted after age 2 poor attachment Critical period Harlow s monkeys in isolation were either aggressive fearful or both neglected and or abused their own offspring People 30 of abused people will abuse their own kids Do Parents Matter o Different parenting styles impact development o Parental warmth o 3 patterns of parenting Permissive indulgent indifferent Authoritarian no negotiation very punishment based children do things to avoid being punished when given freedom more likely to be wild and crazy Authoritative not too permissive and not too authoritarian negotiation Fathers matter too o Father s appropriate parenting comparable to mothers in predicting health and well being o British study following 7000 kids from birth to adulthood found kids with fathers most involved in parenting were better off What about day care o Attachment concern o No major impact on development attachment if high quality day care o Poor care is boring and unresponsive o Poverty related to poor day care o Dare care slightly higher thinking language skills o Day care slightly higher aggressiveness defiance o Stress hormones rise in day care o Working parents tend to spend more time off during work hours playing talking holding compared to non work counterparts The Real World When Mom or Dad s Away o A majority of parents now work and entrust their children s care to someone else o Not all culture focus on attachment to parents only o Non maternal daycare had little effect on mother child attachment Can form strong multiple attachments Others responding to needs Need consistent warm relationships trust Environmental Issue Divorce o Thinking critically o Confounding variables in research High conflict is the major issue Worse than the divorce present before divorce Domestic abuse is harmful Poverty Lack of father involvement But do kids matter o Child temperament differences Difficult vs easy Van den Boom s research some kids are harder to parent leads to risk of problems with attachment high stress reactive kids try to increase secure attachment by helping parents adapt to needs of child o Child expectations o Peer group influences Videoclip on high stress reactive kids certain reactions in 4 month olds demonstrate whether a child will be shy or outgoing distressed child future shyness while quieter child was more likely to be outgoing in the future shy infants show more brain activity in one hemisphere and very outgoing infants show more brain activity in the other hemisphere Temperament and Development o Temperament Innate biological behavioral and emotional style Shyness is one style that can be consistent and enduring Goodness of fit matters Environment where time to adjust accept style helps Dynamic interaction between parent child environment Nature vs nurture issue Temperament and Environment videoclip some kids are more reactive than others same with monkeys monkey research shy infants with outgoing parents shyness can be overcome environment matters Review Session for Test March 12 2015 Four models of memory Iconic memory less than a second Echoic memory about 3 seconds Sensory memory STM LTM and can go back to STM to be used With rehearsal you can keep something in STM Working memory anything working in your head Phonological language based Chunking typically can hold 7 2 chunks good study technique Recall vs recognition know something better if you can recall something instead of just recognizing it Semantic process think about what something means Increased hippocampus activation during sleep people who sleep learn information better than sleep deprived sleep increases interaction between hippocampus and frontal lobe Long term memories are not stored in hippocampus only forms new memories Anterograde amnesia is most common ex HM and EP short term to long term memory issues Retrograde amnesia can t retrieve info before a certain period in life but you can still form long term memories lost memory from before a certain time Neurotransmitters are important for memory and learning Memory is shaped by both intellectual stimulation and physical activity Long term potentiation communication between neurons is facilitated cells that wire together fire together speeds up communication between important neurons have NMDA receptors that respond to glutamate facilitate firing of neurons if we increase NMDA receptors you could speed up ability to learn things by processing things more quickly Encoding specificity principle we can retrieve info better when linked to something either state wise or situation wise state mental state transfer appropriate processing situational i e take exam in same classroom as learned the material Memories are reconstructive False memories can be implanted Repressed memories may exist Eyewitness testimony is unreliable 7 sins of memory Emotions facilitate memory because emotions have a physiological punch body stress hormone response increases memory males right amygdala activation and women left amygdala activation Norepinephrine is essential in the hippocampus associated with alertness and arousal adrenaline facilitates memory ADHD meds cause release of norepinephrine more likely to have stronger memories increased PTDS You can interfere with stress response with beta blockers reduced emotional punch from a memory Paraplegia get full upper body feedback while with quadriplegia spinal cord is severed higher up so less emotion response possible Amyloid beta molecules start clumping together when you have Alzheimer s and eventually damage brain too much to reverse it Consistency they ve always been like that vs change bias I used to be like this egocentric bias make us look good Persistence intrusion of negative memories Systematic desensitization uses both classical and operant conditioning Positive adding something and negative taking something away Reinforcement increase behavior punishment decrease behavior Fixed fixed set of time and variable schedules can be ratio based on units of behavior or interval