Psych 202 Lecture 3/17/2015Unit 3 Day 1Motivation and Emotions- Needs, Drives, and Arousal Motivate Behavioro Motivation involves factors that energize, initiate, direct, and sustain behavioro Needs are states of deficiencyo Maslow’s influential concept of a hierarchy of needs helped shaped humanistic psychology- (peak of hierarchy pyramid) Self-actualization, esteem, belonging and love, safety, physiological- “Drives” are psychological states activated to satisfy needs; needs produce state of arousal whichdrive behavior; negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis- Yerkes-Dodson Lawo Hull proposed that specific aroused drive states increase in proportion to amount of deprivationo Behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become habitso Incentives are external motivators and are culturally determined- Some Behaviors are Motivated for their Own Sakeo Intrinsic (internal) vs. extrinsic (external) motivationo Curiosity, play, and exploratory driveo Creativity and problem solvingo Extrinsic rewards can undermine internal motivationo Control theory and self-perception- we like to feel “in control” of our behaviors- Humans have a Fundamental Need to Belongo The need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences cognition and emotiono Not-belonging increases risk for health problems, including emotional distresso Social exclusion theory- anxiety from being excluded in some way; motivation to get rid of that anxiety- People Seek Others when we are Anxiouso Isolation produces anxiety, but anxiety motivates the desire for companyo Misery loves company but not just any company (we seek miserable company)o Social comparison theory- we’re always comparing ourselves to other people to make ourselves look good- With higher anxiety, people choose to wait with others (others=people with similar experience/diagnosis)Introduction to Emotional Processes- What is Emotion?- physiological processes, expressive behavior, and cognitive appraisal- Emotions have a Physiological Componento The Facial Feedback Hypothesis- if you smile, you get happier; if you frown, you’ll be saddero Botox and emotion? Change the way face is able to move changes emotional experience because altering emotional feedback- James-Lange Theory- physiological experience triggers fear- Cannon-Bard Theory- experience fear and physiological changes simultaneously- Schachter-Singer 2 Factor Theory- have a physiological reaction plus a cognitive process to create fear- Heart rate and finger temperature change with different emotions (i.e. for sadness, heart rate increases and temperature increases slightly)- The Emotional Braino The Amygdala plays an important role in emotion; threat detectoro Appraisal- an evaluation of the emotional relevant aspects of a stimulus- Bearthalamus(cortex: fast pathway)amygdalaexperience fear- Emotions have a Cognitive Componento Schacter’s two-factor theory proposes emotions result from the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisalo People can misattribute the source of emotional state- Excitation Transfer Video: can danger provoke passion? Men on scary bridge were more likely to contact woman later on; are we mistaking fear for love or transforming fear into love?- Are There “Universal” Cross Culturally Evident Emotions?o Six emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise) are universalo Example: ask New Guinea tribesmen to portray emotions appropriate to various simple situationso Blind children cry, smile, and laugh under essentially same conditions that elicit these reactions in sighted children- Facial Expressions Communicate Emotiono Display rules govern how and when emotions are exhibited- Cultural Dependence of Emotional Displays: Japanese and American subjects both watched a gruesome film of a primitive puberty rite while being filmed unknowingly, in and out of presence of lab coat experimenter; Americans display disgust no matter what and Japanese only display disgust when they thought they were alone- Cultural norms affect expression more than experience of basic universal emotions- Emotional Systems are Lateralized in the Braino Individual differences in relative cerebral asymmetry are associated with dispositional affective style- Extreme right-prefrontal activation: associated with larger decreases in natural killer cells in response to stress (reduced immune functioning); higher plasma cortisol levels (stress-related hormone); deficits in reducing negative emotions once they arise (don’t recover as quickly)- Can People become cerebrally left-active?- mindfulness meditation?- Coping is a Processo Individual differences makes some people stress resistant and others stress vulnerableo People with hardiness (personality traits of commitment, challenge, control) show less negative response to stressful eventso Social support facilitates stress-management and promotes “resilience”- The Regulation of Emotiono Emotional regulation: the use of cognitive and behavior strategies to alter emotional experience- The Important of Emotional Intelligence- important for ability to succeed; Mischel’s “Marshmallow Test” and ability to delay gratification (4 year olds)o Children who were able to delay gratification were more well adjusted as adolescentso Handles stress bettero Higher SAT scores and other academic success-Delayed Gratification Video: one piece of chocolate now or a whole bar later; between age of 4 and 5, children start choosing to have the chocolate later; try to make time pass faster= cold cognition-Goleman’s 5 Aptitudes of Emotional Intelligenceo Self awarenesso Self soothingo Self motivation o Empathyo Effective relating-Emotional are complex reactions fully integrated with the whole of psychological existenceDecision Making-Moral Thinking and Emotion: A Challenging Dilemma (Videoclip): example from in book; is it okay to hit train switch to hit one person instead of 5; push guy in front of train to stop it from hitting 5 people; Bus full of people trying to keep quietis it okay tosmother (aka kill) the crying baby?; teenage mother can she throw the baby away?; anterior cingulate manages conflict and decision making : not a pure frontal lobe processto make moral decisions- Rational choice theory: view that we makes decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two- 10% change of 500 vs. 20%