Psychology 202 Notes February 26,2015- Video clip: Clive’s World- Clive’s viral encephalitis resulted in damage to what 2 areas of his brain? Frontal lobe and hippocampal region in temporal lobe. Why are they important? Hippocampus is involved in memory and forming new memories; frontal lobe is involved in making decisions and forming judgments. Identify: what specific types of memory strength and memory impairment does Clive demonstrate? Couldn’t form long term memories and had terrible short term memory; could still play piano (implicit memories remain)- Memory Failures: The Seven Sins of Memory:o Transience: forgetting what occurs with the passage of time; retroactive interference vs. proactive interferenceo Absentmindednesso Blocking- tip of the tongue phenomenono Memory misattribution: assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source; frontal lobe intimately involved; source memory: recall of when, where, and how info was acquired; false recognition: a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before brain activated as if it’s an actual memoryo Suggestibility: the tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into our memoryo Bias: the distorting influence on present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences: consistency bias (reconstruct the past to fit the present), change bias (tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel now vs. what we felt in the past), and egocentric bias (reframe things in a way to make us look good in retrospect)o Persistence: intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget; often after traumatic eventsIntroduction to the Psychology of Learning and Reward- Pavlov- Classical conditioning; Pavlov’s dogs classically conditioned to drool when hearing a bell; unconditioned stimulus= food; conditioned stimulus=bell; conditioned and unconditioned response= salivation (conditioned response is slightly weaker)- Watson- “behaviorism” (classical conditioning “Little Albert”); thought that people were blank slates- Skinner- operant conditioning- Bandera- social learning- Video clip: Pavlov- classical conditioning and extinction- Video: condition Dwight to associate the turning on of a computer with getting an altoid- Generalization, discrimination, and extinction (get rid of learned associations); acquisition: learning- Spontaneous recovery: relearning (example: relapse of a phobia after going through therapy)- John Watson: The Case of Little Albert; Applied Pavlov’s associative learning (classical conditioning) to Albert’s emotional learning of fear; video: Little Albert; paired loud noise with white ratcaused Albert to be afraid of white rat and also discriminated other furry things- Mower’s Two Factor Theory of Avoidance Learning: 2 factors 1) classical conditioning and 2) operant conditioning; we avoid what it is we’re afraid of- Emotional Learning involves classical conditioning; (+) and (-) emotions are acquired initially and maintained as a result of classical conditioning processes- Conditioned Emotional Response: an emotionally charged conditioned response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus- Example of classical conditioning: salivating in response to thought of food; sexual interests; drug overdoses; cocaine and money pairing; advertising; political campaigns; anticipatory nausea (ex: chemotherapy nausea)- Conditioned sexual arousal: US=erotic imagery UR=arousal; CS=previously neutralCR=sexual arousal to CS (i.e. sexual arousal to shoes); (i.e. classically conditioned response to children)- Drug overdoses- injecting heroine example- Drug Tolerance…classical conditioning in action; body adjusts to effects of the drug; conditioned stimuli that normally precede drug use cause a physiological response that helps body prepare for the drug; many overdoses of heroin due to taking the usual drug does but in a different environment- Phobias- classified under anxiety disorders in DSM; involve panic attacks typically if exposed to feared situation (intense fear response); Agoraphobia (kind of like a fear ofpanic attacks- afraid of being out in public); Social phobia-fear of social situations Specific phobia? (heights, snakes, closed spaces, etc.)- Systematic desensitization of phobias- takes classical conditioning into realm of cognition: visual imagery and mental associations are actively engaged; a cognitive-behavioral method of treatment using the principle of counter-conditioningo 1) develop of hierarchy of feared situations (e.g. seeing pictures of snakes to napping with a Boa around your neck)o 2) Person is taught relaxation plus coping imagery and skillso 3) Client applies learned skills while imagining