Psychology 202 February 12, 2015 LectureSensation and Perception Continued- Simple example: Context effects- A,13,C and 12,13,14- Perception video clip: young woman/old woman illusion; rat-man illusion prior experiences influence what you see- The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales by Oliver Sacks- The case of Mr. P failure to recognize faces; can’t distinguish faces from objects; rose=convoluted red form w/ linear green attachment; sings to keep organized; sensory or perceptual disturbance? [perceptual]; visual agnosia; damage to visual cortex- Synesthesia- mix of sensory pathways; Video clip: kid saw blue with D major but a different person saw it as yellow- Losing One’s Touch: Living without Proprioception (living without the sense of touch)can’t control body w/o looking at what he’s doing; looking at a body part could make it move; hard to stand perfectly still; sometimes, people use mirrors to learn to deal with living without proprioception- sensory deficit, not a perceptual deficitInfo About Exam + Review Session- Bring ID + number 2 pencil to exam- 65 items; all multiple choice- 5-7 items from textbook- Demand characteristics vs. observer bias: Observer bias deals with the observer and demand characteristics happen in the subject (ex: Hawthorne effect); in demand characteristics, Hawthorne effect alters behavior (i.e. criminals on probation)- Stroop test: word is different color than what it says (i.e. the word red is blue); see if someone hasthe ability to focus on something specific- MRI- static snapshot of the brain: fMRI- brain in action- Implicit association test- not explicitly aware of something; (ex: help train police to be less biasedagainst black people)- Sampling bias: problem with choosing a sample; ex: opera magazine subscribers; randomness!- Observer expectancy effect= observer bias (ex: tell a group they have smart rats)- Double blind=good experiment when possible- Anger study- punching bad vs. not hitting a punching bag- Correlation: positive vs. negative- 3rd variable problem- a 3rd variable may always exist causing the two correlated things; therefore, correlation does equal causation- Confound: unintentional mistake that affects outcome variable in experiment (ex: stopwatch doesn’t work; stick shift vs. automatic transmission)- “results in” can mean the same thing as “causes”- Mindfulness research: people report feeling better, but this could also be expectancy effect; used EEG to see if there is left prefrontal cortex association- KNOW the neurotransmitters- KNOW the brain and where things are; what it would look like if there was a problem in that area- Action potential occurs with the depolarization process; resting neuron is slightly negative and with depolarization, cell becomes slightly more positivesodium gates open allowing it into the cell; excitatory signal triggers action potential; hyper-polarization is inhibitory- Saltatory conduction: electrical signal jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier - Mirror neurons- info in book; empathy- SSRIs- “Something something” reuptake inhibitor- Ecstasy damages terminal buttons that can cause irreversible depression- Physical and cognitive activities are good for nourishing the glial cells and dendrites in the brain- Scopolamine= antagonist; block memories; Physostigmine= agonist- improve memory- Parasympathetic: “Rest and Digest”- Wernicke’s area vs. Broca’s area- Read text box about phantom limbs in textbook; somatosensory cortex- Split brain- make sure you completely understand and think about it- Each eye has a right and left visual