Psych 202 Lecture 3 17 2015 Unit 3 Day 1 Motivation and Emotions Needs Drives and Arousal Motivate Behavior o Motivation involves factors that energize initiate direct and sustain behavior o Needs are states of deficiency o Maslow s influential concept of a hierarchy of needs helped shaped humanistic psychology peak of hierarchy pyramid Self actualization esteem belonging and love safety physiological Drives are psychological states activated to satisfy needs needs produce state of arousal which drive behavior negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis Yerkes Dodson Law o Hull proposed that specific aroused drive states increase in proportion to amount of deprivation o Behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become habits o Incentives are external motivators and are culturally determined Some Behaviors are Motivated for their Own Sake o Intrinsic internal vs extrinsic external motivation o Curiosity play and exploratory drive o Creativity and problem solving o Extrinsic rewards can undermine internal motivation o Control theory and self perception we like to feel in control of our behaviors Humans have a Fundamental Need to Belong o The need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences cognition and emotion o Not belonging increases risk for health problems including emotional distress o Social exclusion theory anxiety from being excluded in some way motivation to get rid of that anxiety People Seek Others when we are Anxious o Isolation produces anxiety but anxiety motivates the desire for company o Misery loves company but not just any company we seek miserable company o Social comparison theory we re always comparing ourselves to other people to make ourselves look good With higher anxiety people choose to wait with others others people with similar experience diagnosis Introduction to Emotional Processes What is Emotion physiological processes expressive behavior and cognitive appraisal Emotions have a Physiological Component o The Facial Feedback Hypothesis if you smile you get happier if you frown you ll be sadder o Botox and emotion Change the way face is able to move changes emotional experience because altering emotional feedback James Lange Theory physiological experience triggers fear Cannon Bard Theory experience fear and physiological changes simultaneously Schachter Singer 2 Factor Theory have a physiological reaction plus a cognitive process to create fear Heart rate and finger temperature change with different emotions i e for sadness heart rate increases and temperature increases slightly The Emotional Brain o The Amygdala plays an important role in emotion threat detector o Appraisal an evaluation of the emotional relevant aspects of a stimulus Bear thalamus cortex fast pathway amygdala experience fear Emotions have a Cognitive Component o Schacter s two factor theory proposes emotions result from the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal o People can misattribute the source of emotional state Excitation Transfer Video can danger provoke passion Men on scary bridge were more likely to contact woman later on are we mistaking fear for love or transforming fear into love Are There Universal Cross Culturally Evident Emotions o Six emotions happiness sadness anger disgust fear and surprise are universal o Example ask New Guinea tribesmen to portray emotions appropriate to various simple situations o Blind children cry smile and laugh under essentially same conditions that elicit these reactions in sighted children Facial Expressions Communicate Emotion o Display rules govern how and when emotions are exhibited Cultural Dependence of Emotional Displays Japanese and American subjects both watched a gruesome film of a primitive puberty rite while being filmed unknowingly in and out of presence of lab coat experimenter Americans display disgust no matter what and Japanese only display disgust when they thought they were alone Cultural norms affect expression more than experience of basic universal emotions Emotional Systems are Lateralized in the Brain o Individual differences in relative cerebral asymmetry are associated with dispositional affective style Extreme right prefrontal activation associated with larger decreases in natural killer cells in response to stress reduced immune functioning higher plasma cortisol levels stress related hormone deficits in reducing negative emotions once they arise don t recover as quickly Can People become cerebrally left active mindfulness meditation Coping is a Process o Individual differences makes some people stress resistant and others stress vulnerable o People with hardiness personality traits of commitment challenge control show less negative response to stressful events o Social support facilitates stress management and promotes resilience The Regulation of Emotion o Emotional regulation the use of cognitive and behavior strategies to alter emotional experience The Important of Emotional Intelligence important for ability to succeed Mischel s Marshmallow Test and ability to delay gratification 4 year olds o Children who were able to delay gratification were more well adjusted as adolescents o Handles stress better o Higher SAT scores and other academic success Delayed Gratification Video one piece of chocolate now or a whole bar later between age of 4 and 5 children start choosing to have the chocolate later try to make time pass faster cold cognition Goleman s 5 Aptitudes of Emotional Intelligence o Self awareness o Self soothing o Self motivation o Empathy o Effective relating Emotional are complex reactions fully integrated with the whole of psychological existence Decision Making Moral Thinking and Emotion A Challenging Dilemma Videoclip example from in book is it okay to hit train switch to hit one person instead of 5 push guy in front of train to stop it from hitting 5 people Bus full of people trying to keep quiet is it okay to smother aka kill the crying baby teenage mother can she throw the baby away anterior cingulate manages conflict and decision making not a pure frontal lobe process to make moral decisions Rational choice theory view that we makes decisions by determining how likely something is to happen judging the value of the outcome and then multiplying the two 10 change of 500 vs 20 chance of 2000 The lottery ticket irrationality