Psych 202 Lecture March 10, 2015Attachment and Temperament Important for Development into Adulthood- Different Levels of attachment: Ainsworth’s research: “The Strange Situation”o 4 categories: securely attached (best to have and most common), avoidant, anxious/ambivalent (often due to inconsistent parenting), and disorganized- Deprivation of attachment: orphanages, abuseo Romanian Orphanages If institutionalized for more than 8 months, lasting emotional scars If adopted after age 2, poor attachment- (Critical period)- Harlow’s monkeys in isolation were either aggressive, fearful, or both…neglected and/or abused their own offspring- People: 30% of abused people will abuse their own kids- Do Parents Matter?o Different parenting styles impact developmento Parental warmtho 3 patterns of parenting: Permissive (indulgent/indifferent) Authoritarian- no negotiation; very punishment based- children do things to avoid being punished; when given freedom, more likely to be wild and crazy Authoritative- not too permissive and not too authoritarian; negotiation - Fathers matter tooo Father’s appropriate parenting comparable to mothers in predicting health and well beingo British study following 7000+ kids from birth to adulthood found kids with fathers most involved in parenting were better off- What about day care?o Attachment concern?o No major impact on development/attachment if high quality day careo Poor care is boring and unresponsiveo Poverty related to poor day careo Dare care slightly higher thinking/language skillso Day care slightly higher aggressiveness/defianceo Stress hormones rise in day careo Working parents tend to spend more time off during work hours playing, talking,holding compared to “non-work” counterparts- The Real World: When Mom or Dad’s Awayo A majority of parents now work and entrust their children’s care to someone elseo Non-maternal daycare had little effect on mother-child attachment- Not all culture focus on attachment to parents onlyo Can form strong multiple attachments Others responding to needs Need consistent, warm relationships, trust- Environmental Issue: Divorceo Thinking criticallyo Confounding variables in research High conflict is the major issue- Worse than the divorce/present before divorce- Domestic abuse is harmful Poverty Lack of father involvement- But…do kids matter?o Child temperament differences Difficult vs. easy Van den Boom’s research- some kids are harder to parent leads to risk ofproblems with attachment (high stress reactive kids); try to increase secure attachment by helping parents adapt to needs of childo Child expectationso Peer group influences- Videoclip on high stress reactive kids- certain reactions in 4 month olds demonstrate whether a child will be shy or outgoing; distressed child= future shyness while quieter child was more likely to be outgoing in the future; shy infants show more brain activity inone hemisphere and very outgoing infants show more brain activity in the other hemisphere- Temperament and Developmento Temperament Innate, biological behavioral and emotional style Shyness is one style that can be consistent and enduring “Goodness of fit” matters- Environment where time to adjust/accept style helps- Dynamic interaction between parent/child/environment- Nature vs. nurture issue- Temperament and Environment videoclip: some kids are more reactive than others; same with monkeys; monkey research: shy infants with outgoing parents- shyness can be overcome environment mattersReview Session for Test (March 12, 2015)- Four models of memory- Iconic memory= less than a second- Echoic memory= about 3 seconds- Sensory memorySTMLTM and can go back to STM to be used- With rehearsal, you can keep something in STM- Working memory= anything working in your head- Phonological= language based- Chunking: typically can hold 7 +/- 2 chunks; good study technique- Recall vs. recognition: know something better if you can recall something insteadof just recognizing it- Semantic process- think about what something means- Increased hippocampus activation during sleep- people who sleep learn information better than sleep-deprived; sleep increases interaction between hippocampus and frontal lobe- Long term memories are not stored in hippocampus; only forms new memories - Anterograde amnesia is most common- ex: HM and EP (short term to long term memory issues)- Retrograde amnesia- can’t retrieve info before a certain period in life but you can still form long term memories (lost memory from before a certain time)- Neurotransmitters are important for memory and learning- Memory is shaped by both intellectual stimulation and physical activity - Long term potentiation- communication between neurons is facilitated; cells that wire together fire together; speeds up communication between important neurons; have NMDA receptors that respond to glutamate; facilitate firing of neurons; if we increase NMDA receptors, you could speed up ability to learn things by processing things more quickly- Encoding specificity principle: we can retrieve info better when linked to something either state-wise or situation-wise (state=mental state); (transfer appropriate processing= situational (i.e. take exam in same classroom as learnedthe material))- Memories are reconstructive- False memories can be implanted- Repressed memories may exist- Eyewitness testimony is unreliable- 7 sins of memory- Emotions facilitate memory because emotions have a physiological “punch”; body stress hormone response increases memory; males= right amygdala activation and women= left amygdala activation- Norepinephrine is essential in the hippocampus; associated with alertness and arousal (adrenaline); facilitates memory- ADHD meds cause release of norepinephrine; more likely to have stronger memoriesincreased PTDS- You can interfere with stress response with beta blockers= reduced emotional “punch” from a memory- Paraplegia- get full upper body feedback while with quadriplegia, spinal cord is severed higher up, so less emotion response possible- Amyloid beta molecules- start clumping together when you have Alzheimer’s and eventually damage brain too much to reverse it- Consistency (they’ve always been like that) vs. change bias (I used to be like this); egocentric bias: make us look good- Persistence: intrusion of negative memories- Systematic desensitization- uses both classical and
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