BIOL 244 1nd Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Arterial SystemII. CapillariesIII. Venous SystemIV. Physiology of CirculationV. Systemic Blood PressureVI. Maintaining Blood Pressure Outline of Current Lecture I. Maintaining Blood Pressure II. Circulatory Pathways III. Respiratory SystemIV. RespirationV. Anatomy of Respiratory SystemCurrent LectureI. Maintaining Blood Pressurea. Cardiac Outputi. Exercise: Increases activity of respiratory pump1. Increases venous return2. Sympathetic venoconstrictiona. Decreases diameter of veins and increases blood pressure within the veinsi. Increases flowii. Helps return blood to the heart 3. Increase EDVThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Increases SVb. Increases COii. Drop in blood pressure below normal1. Activate cardioacceleratory center within the brain 2. Increase in sympathetic nervous activity3. Sympathetic fibers release epinephrine4. Increases amount of calcium5. Increases contractility 6. Decrease ESVa. Increases SVb. Increases CO b. Short-term neural controlsi. Almost instantaneous adjustments ii. Alter peripheral resistance (R)iii. Cardiovascular center1. Located in medulla oblongata2. Vasomotor center3. Cardiac centeriv. Baroreceptors1. Detect changes in blood pressure 2. BP too higha. Baroreceptors sense the increaseb. Send message to cardiovascular center i. Vasomotor center1. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation 2. Change diameter of blood vessels to reduce BP3. Leads to decrease in rate of messages sent from vasomotor center (stops telling blood vessels to constrict)a. Allows vessels to dilate ii. Cardiac center1. Sympathetic portion (cardioacceleratory center)a. Inhibits this division 2. Parasympathetic portion (cardioinhibitory center)a. Increased activity b. Decreases heart rate3. BP too lowa. Vasomotor centeri. Increase rate of messages sent from vasomotor center1. Causes vessels to constrictb. Cardiac Centeri. Sympathetic portion1. Increases this division2.ii. Parasympathetic portion1. Inhibits this division v. Chemoreceptors1. Detect changes in chemicals within the blood 2. Changes in pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide 3. ph Drop (hydrogen-ion concentration is getting too high)a. Stimulates cardioacceleratory center to increase cardiac outputi. Increase BP4. Oxygen dropa. Stimulates cardioacceleratory center to increase cardiac outputi. Increase BPb. Want to increase CO and BP so that you have a lot of bloodgoing to lungs so that oxygen can get picked up 5. Rise in carbon dioxide levelsa. Stimulates cardioacceleratory center to increase cardiac outputi. Increase BPb. Want to get blood going quickly to the lungs to off-load carbon dioxide 6. All of the above situations stimulate vasomotor center a. Causes vasoconstriction, which speeds delivery of blood to pick up oxygen and offload carbon dioxide c. Short-term hormonal controlsi. Epinephrine and norepinephrine 1. Increases blood pressureii. Angiotensin II1. Acts as a very powerful vasoconstrictor 2. Increase BPiii. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)1. Decreases blood pressure iv. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)1. Increases blood pressurev. Aldosterone1. Increases blood pressure d. Long-term renal regulationi. Adjust blood pressure over a longer time frame ii. Alter blood volume1. Blood volume strongly influence BPiii. Direct renal mechanism1. Non-hormonal2. View flow chart iv. Indirect renal mechanism 1. Involved hormones2. Renin: a catalyst that results in a chemical called angiotensin II3. Stimulates release of ADH and aldosteronea. Increase blood volume, which increases blood pressure 4. View flow chart II. Circulatory Pathways a. Systemic circulationi. Arteries vs. veins1. Veins run shallow and deep2. Arteries run deepa. Injury to an artery can be much more damaging than damage to a veinb. Higher blood pressure in arteriesb. Pulmonary circuiti. Right pulmonary arteryii. Left pulmonary arteryiii. Pulmonary capillariesiv. Pulmonary veinsIII. Respiratory System a. Supply body with oxygenb. Rid body of carbon dioxidec. Requires cardiovascular system IV. Respiration a. Pulmonary ventilationi. Inhaling/exhaling (breathing)b. External respirationi. Gas exchange within the lungs1. Only occurring in the lungsii. Between the air sacs in the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries1. Oxygen being brought into the pulmonary capillariesc. Transport of respiratory gasesi. Transportation of oxygen (delivered to tissue cells) and carbon dioxided. Internal respiration i. Gas exchange at level of tissue cells ii. Also occurring in the lungs and anywhere else where there is a capillary bediii. Oxygen moving from capillaries to tissue cellsiv. Carbon dioxide moving from tissue cells to capillariesV. Anatomy of Respiratory Systema. Conducting Zonei. Provide an open passage way for air to move in and out of the body1. Nose (external nose and nasal cavity)a. Provides an opening into head for air to reach respiratory systemb. Inhaling much more than just gasesc. Hairs that can trap particles, mucous membranes that can trap particle, cells that can phagocytize thingsd. Paranasal sinusesi. Helps lighten the load of your skullii. Lined with mucous membranes1. Help trap thingsiii. Help to warm and moisturize the air you’re breathing in 1. Want air reaching lungs to be warm and moist so that it is similar to environment of lungs 2. Pharynxa. “Throat”b. Nasopharynxi. Posterior to nasal cavityii. Provides passageway for airiii. Opening of auditory tubule1. Lymphoid tissue surrounding opening c. Oropharynxi. Posterior to oral cavityii. Providing passageway for food and liquidd. Laryngopharynxi. Inferior portionii. A little behind larynx 3. Larynxa. Houses voice boxb. Made up of a variety of cartilagesi. Mostly hyaline cartilage ii. 9 total cartilages1. Epiglottis2. Thyroid cartilage3. Cricoid cartilagec. Involved in production of voice productiond. Helps to keep air moving into respiratory systeme. Helps to keep food moving into digestive system 4. Tracheaa. “Wind pipe”5. Bronchi a. Right main (primary) bronchusb. Left main (primary) bronchusb. Respiratory zonesi. Places where gas exchange can occur 1. Bronchioles (except respiratory bronchioles)2. Alveolar ductsa. Tubes that have alveoli branching off of them 3. Alveolia. Little air sacsb. Alveolus: singular