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SC BIOL 244 - Blood

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BIOL 244 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Endocrine System vs. Nervous SystemII. Endocrine Organs III. Hormones IV. Hormone ActivityV. Target CellsVI. Control of Hormone ReleaseVII. Pituitary Gland and the HypothalamusOutline of Current Lecture I. BloodII. Functions of BloodIII. PlasmaIV. ErythrocytesV. Blood Cell FormationVI. Erythrocyte DisordersVII. LeukocytesVIII. LeukopoiesisIX. PlateletsX. HemostasisCurrent LectureI. Blooda. Connective Tissue i. General characteristics of connective tissue1. A lot of extracellular matrix (type varies from one to another)a. Within matrix there are different kinds of fibers2. Relatively few cells These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Blood is the only fluid tissue in the bodyi. This makes it “weird”c. Blood Plasmai. Different kinds of cells, different kinds of proteinsd. Formed Elements: in context of blood, this means cellsi. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)1. Hematocrit: the percentage of blood volume that is red blood cellsa. Varies from person to personb. Varies based on altitude, amount of exercise, etc.c. Males tend to have higher percentagesi. Greater oxygen carrying capacitiesii. More muscular buildii. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)iii. Platelets (Thrombocytes)e. Centrifugei. Separates blood into levels based on density II. Functions of Blooda. Distributioni. Blood distributes various substances throughout the bodyii. Picks up oxygen in capillaries and lungsiii. Picks up waste products (CO2)iv. Delivers other waste products to the kidneysv. Some waste products are brought to the skinvi. Brings nutrients from GI tract vii. Brings hormones from endocrine cells to target cells b. Regulationi. Body temperature: keeps both cool and warm depending on necessity1. Cooling a. The water in blood plasma absorbs heat and prevents the blood from changing temperaturei. The high heat capacity of water allows for thisb. Brings blood to surface of skin i. Causes one to sweat, which cools skinii. Has buffers that keep pH in normal range (stop dramatic shifts in pH)iii. Maintains blood volume/pressure1. There are proteins and other substances in blood plasma that help blood to maintain its own volume 2. Keeps blood in blood vessels, maintains blood pressure c. Protectioni. Blood protects against bacteria, foreign invaders, etc.III. Plasmaa. 90% Waterb. Contains proteins, ions, hormones, nutrients, waste products, gases c. Compositioni. Albumin: 2 major roles1. Carrier protein: shuttle things from one part of body to another2. Create osmotic pressurea. Albumin is relatively large, but too small to slip out of blood vessels, so it stays in blood plasmab. When fluid is forced out of blood vessels, albumin draws water back in by osmosis ii. Alpha and beta globulin: Similar function as albumin1. Carrier protein, osmotic pressureiii. Gamma globulin1. Huge variety2. Major role in immune defenseIV. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)a. In mature form, lack almost every feature used to define cellsi. Basically just big sacs of hemoglobin (Hb) and other proteins 1. No nucleus, hardly any organellesii. Reflects function: transport gases b. Picks up oxygen at lungs and delivers oxygen & carbon dioxide c. Shape: Small, rounded, biconcavei. This shape allows them to slip easily through all the tiniest blood vessels in the body 1. Example: capillariesii. Deformed red blood cells are no longer able to carry out transportation function d. Hemoglobin (Hb)i. Complex protein with quaternary structure1. More than one polypeptide chainii. Each molecule contains 4 polypeptide chains 1. Called globinsa. 2 alpha globinsb. 2 beta globins2. Attached to globins is a heme group a. Each heme group has a single atom of ironi. Iron is what binds to oxygen!ii. Each atom of iron binds to one molecule of oxygen iii. Therefore, a single hemoglobin molecule can bind to 4 molecules of oxygeniv. Each red blood cell has thousands of hemoglobin molecules v. Carbon dioxide binds to the amino acids of the globin chains V. Blood Cell Formationa. Hematopoiesis: formation of any blood cellb. Red bone marrowi. Where every kind of blood cell is formed ii. Adult: Located in spinal column, collar bone, clavicle, hip bones, shoulder blades, and the larger ends of bones in the arms and legs c. Hemocytoblast (hematopoietic stem cell)i. Where all types of blood cells come from ii. Stem cell of every type of blood celld. Blood sinusoidsi. Big capillaries through which blood cells enter the blood circulationii. Very leaky 1. Allow things in and out easilye. Erythropoiesis: the formation of red blood cellsi. 2 hormones involved in red blood cell formation1. Erythropoeitin (EPO) a. Mainly produced by kidneyb. Sometimes produced by liverc. Target: Red bone marrowd. Stimulates the body to produce more red blood cellsi. Maintaining proper levels of blood cells in the blood2. Testosteronea. Indirectly increases red blood cell production by stimulating the kidney to produce EPOii. 1st stage: Hemocytoblastiii. 2nd stage: Myeloid stem cell 1. This is the 2nd stage for many blood cells, but not all iv. Committed red blood cell stage: when the myeloid stem differentiates into erythroblast v. Maturation process of red blood cells1. Cell produces a lot of hemoglobin2. Gradually ejectsthings that are not hemoglobin or are not important to the shape of the cellvi. Final stage: erythrocyteVI. Erythrocyte Disordersa. Anemias: low oxygen carrying capabilities of the bloodi. Low number of red blood cells1. Hemorrhagic: bleeding (losing blood from the body OR internal bleeding)a. Reduced number of red blood cells in circulation2. Hemolytic: red blood cells get destroyed before their life span is over a. Result of genetic mutations, parasitic infection 3. Aplastic: destruction or inhibition of red marrow a. Radiation therapy can temporarily suppress red marrow from doing its jobb. Certain chemicals can completely destroy red marrowii. Low hemoglobin1. Iron-deficiency: diet is poor in iron2. Pernicious: vitamin deficiencya. Red blood cell formation goes wrong which leads to nonfunctional hemoglobin and red blood cellsiii. Abnormal hemoglobin1. Mutations can make hemoglobin abnormal2. Many cases of abnormal hemoglobinhave become common due to human behavior 3. Thalassemia: variety of genetic disorders leading to abnormal hemoglobin 4. Sickle-cell


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SC BIOL 244 - Blood

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