BIOL 244 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. BloodII. Functions of BloodIII. PlasmaIV. ErythrocytesV. Blood Cell FormationVI. Erythrocyte DisordersVII. LeukocytesVIII. LeukopoiesisIX. PlateletsX. HemostasisOutline of Current Lecture I. CoagulationII. Blood Clot III. Blood GroupsIV. Rh Factor V. Lymphatic SystemVI. Lymphatic VesselsVII. Lymphoid CellsVIII. Lymphoid TissueThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IX. Lymph NodesCurrent LectureI. Coagulation (clotting): when liquid blood becomes a gel, and then a solid, that helps reinforce the platelet plug and aid in healinga. Happens in 3 different phasesi. Phase 1: the production of the enzyme prothrombin activatorii. Phase 2: Prothrombin activator catalyzes the reaction that creates thrombin (another enzyme)iii. Phase 3: Thrombin catalyzes the reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin 1. Fibrin is a fibrous protein that creates a mesh/net that reinforces the plug2. This is the end result of coagulation II. Blood Clota. Fibrin interlocks to form a network/meshi. Red blood cells, other cells, macrophages, tissue cells, etc. are all embedded in the fibrin1. This is the blood clotb. Platelets form initial platelet plugc. Next thing that can happen is tissue repair III. Blood Groupsa. Antigens: substances that the body recognizes as foreign to the bodyi. Can cause an immune response ii. Agglutinogens:the antigens on surface of red blood cells1. Can cause an aglutination reaction if blood is donated to someone without the same blood type2. In this call, we will refer to agglutinogens as antigens 3. Antigens A & Bb. Antibodies: molecules within the blood plasma that will attack antigensi. Agglutinins: the antibodies to the different blood groupsii. One way of attacking is through agglutinationiii. In this class, we will refer to the agglutinins as antibodies iv. Antibodies anti-A & anti-Bc. Transfusion reaction (Aglutination reaction) i. In basic terms1. Discrepancy between blood of donor and blood of recipient a. Recipient’s body recognizes the blood as foreigni. Cells clump togetherii. Body eliminates those cells ii. In anatomical terms1. There are molecules on the surface of red blood cells a. These are called self-antigensi. Your immune system encounters your self-antigens and ignores them, as it recognizes them as belonging in yourbodyii. If you put your cells into someone else’s body, that person’s immune system will recognize your antigens as foreign, and his/her antibodies will destroy them d. Type A i. Antigen A is present on the surface of red blood cells1. Body DOES NOT initiate an immune response against Antigen A2. Have anti-B antibodiesa. Will amount an immune response if exposed to Antigen B(type B blood)e. Type Bi. Antigen B is present on the surface of red blood cells1. Body DOES NOT initiate an immune response against Antigen B2. Have anti-Aantibodiesa. Will amount an immune response if exposed to Antigen A(type A blood)f. Type ABi. Have both antigens on red blood cell surfaceii. Have neither antibodyg. Type Oi. Have neither antigenii. Have both antibodies h. Antigens vs. Antibodies i. People are born with antigens (or lack-there-of)ii. Antibodies are developed 1. Happens very early in life2. Babies are exposed to a variety of things that have molecules that are similar to Antigen A and Antigen Ba. Ingesting something that is similar to the opposite of one’s blood type will cause the body to mount a responsei. Antibodies are developed that last forever i. Factors to determining what blood to receive i. Antibodies in recipients blood ii. Antigens in recipients blood iii. Antibodies in the donors blood don’t matterIV. Rh Factora. There are also Rh blood groupsi. Rh positive (have Rh factor)1. Rh agglutinogens = Rh factors2. Have D antigenii. Rh negative (lack Rh it)1. Have antibodies to Rh factor if one has been exposed to Rh factor in someone else’s Rh positive blooda. Problem with subsequent transfusionsb. Rh negative mom, Rh positive fetusi. In a normal situation, the placenta separates the blood suppliesii. Process of childbirth is fairly traumatic1. Mother’s blood is exposed to fetal bloodiii. If mother becomes pregnant with another Rh positive fetus, antibodies that developed in response to 1st baby will cross placenta and cause…1. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosisfetalis)a. Can be fatal iv. Now they’ll test mothers and predict/test if fetus is Rh positive1. A drug is used to prevent all of these problemsc. There is an allele for Rh factori. Genetically determined d. Problematic in terms of blood transfusioni. Initial transfusion: no concern regarding Rh factorii. Subsequent transfusions1. Can’t give someone who is Rh negative Rh positive blood if they received Rh positive in 1st transfusion a. Will have developed antibodies to Rh factor from the first transfusion2. Can give Rh positive person Rh negative blood repeatedly with no issuesV. Lymphatic System a. Lymphatics: provide structural basis for the immune system b. Lymphatic vesselsi. Provide one way route towards the heartii. Bringsstuff back towards the heart: a substance called lymphc. Lymph nodesi. Primary organs of lymphatic system ii. Do the bulk of filtering lymph VI. Lymphatic Vesselsa. Help maintain blood pressurei. Fluid is forced out of blood vessels1. If it is not collected, death would result as so much would be lost2. Lymphatic vessels returns the fluid to the circulatory system b. Major components of the immune system: help body against disease c. Broken into 4 categoriesi. Lymphatic capillaries1. Smallest vessels2. Pick up fluid in the very beginning of the process3. Very thin wallsa. Made of overlapping cells (like shingles on a roof)b. Minivalves: the overlapping region4. As fluid is forced out it builds up pressurea. Forces its way into capillary through the minivalveb. This is lymphc. Once lymph builds up in capillary, it closes the minivalve with pressurei. Cant get back out (only one way into capillaries) ii. Lymphatic collecting vessels1. Capillaries that have gathered/merged2. Lymph nodes line these a. The only lymphatic organs that actually filter lymphi. Get it as clean as possible before it gets dumped back into the circulatory systemii. Cleaned of parasites, bacteria, cellular debris, red blood cells that are on their way out, etc.3. Have