BIOL 244 1ST Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Cell-mediated Immune Response II. Major histocompatibility (MHC) proteinsIII. T-cell ActivationIV. Helper T-cellsV. Regulatory T-cellsVI. Cytotoxic T-cellsVII. Organ TransplantsOutline of Current Lecture I. Cardiovascular System II. HeartIII. Coverings of the HeartIV. Anatomy of the HeartV. Circuits of the HeartCurrent LectureI. Cardiovascular Systema. Blood, blood vessels, and the heartb. Concentrate mainly on gases being transported II. Hearta. Organ that is about the size of a fistThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Located in the mediastinum c. Heart is offset to the left of the midline of the body i. Anatomically normal individual, heartd. Apex of the hearti. Point of the heart that is lowest within the thoracic cavitye. Base of the hearti. Posterior surfacef. Heart disrupts the space for the left lungi. Generally smaller than the right lung III. Coverings of the Hearta. Fibrous pericardiumi. Outer connective tissue covering of the heart ii. Dense, fibrous, connective tissueiii. Helps to anchor the heart to other structures within the mediastinum iv. Makes sure the heart doesn’t overfill with blood 1. Would prevent the heart from contracting efficiently/at allb. Serous pericardium i. General structure of serous membranes1. Double layer of membera. Parietal layer: outer membrane lines the wall of the cavity; farther from the organ surfaceb. Visceral layer: closer to the organ ii. Parietal layer of the serous pericardium (Parietal pericardium)1. Folds back on itself iii. Pericardial cavity (a serous cavity)1. Space between parietal layer and visceral layer2. Filled with serous fluid3. Allows visceral layer and parietal layers to slip past each other without friction iv. Visceral layer of the serous pericardium (Visceral pericardium)1. Innermost layer of the connective tissue of the heart2. Outmost layer of wall of the heart (Epicardium)c. Wall of the hearti. Epicardium: outermost layerii. Myocardium: Middle layer1. Majority of thickness comes from this2. Cardiac muscles are arranged in circular and spiral muscles 3. Fibrous skeleton of the hearta. Dense, fibrous connective tissueb. Cardiac muscle fibers are attached to this c. Provides an area of attachment for cardiac muscle fibersi. When they contract they’re pulling on somethingd. Non-conductingi. Will prevent the spread of electrical impulses across the heart iii. Endocardium1. Thin layer of epithelial tissue2. Simple, squamous epithelium on top of a thin layer of connective tissue IV. Anatomy of the Hearta. 4 Chambers i. 2 atria1. Superior to the ventricles 2. Receiving chambers of the hearta. Receiving blood from the circulation 3. Have flap of tissue that covers them called the oracle4. Contract in order to push the last bit of blood that’s in them into the corresponding ventricle5. Thinner walls than ventriclesa. Only have to move blood a short distance 6. Right atriuma. Blood vessels that feed into atriumi. Superior vena cava1. Bringing blood from areas of the body that are above the diaphragm ii. Inferior vena cava1. Bringing blood from areas of the body that are below the diaphragm iii. Coronary sinus 1. Bringing blood from the heart itself (mostly myocardium)b. Texture of the right atriumi. Posterior and medial walls are smoothii. Pectinate muscles: roughiii. Crista terminalis: ridge between the smooth and rough 7. Left atriuma. Blood vessels that feed into atriumi. 4 pulmonary veins (average number)b. Receiving blood from the lungsii. 2 ventricles1. TrabeculaeCarneaea. Rugged surface of ventricles2. Papillary musclesa. Larger projectionsb. Collagen fibers attached to them 3. Right ventricle a. Contracts blood into the pulmonary trunk i. Pump blood towards the lungs4. Left ventricle a. Contracts forcefully to get blood to every single part of the body i. Ejects blood into the aorta1. Largest artery in the bodyb. Wall is about 3x as thick as the right ventricle wall b. Grooves that we see on the outer surface of the heart (under blood vessels)i. Coronary sulcus1. Runs along the upper third of the heart2. Dividing line between the atria and the ventricles ii. Interventricular sulcus1. Anterior interventricular surface a. Sulcus between the ventricles on anterior surface of the heart 2. Posterior interventricular surfacea. Sulcus between the ventricles on the posterior surface of the heart c. Interventricular Septumi. Tissue that divides 2 ventricles V. Circuits of the Hearta. Pulmonary circuiti. Right side of the heart, right ventricle ii. From pulmonary trunk to pulmonary circuitiii. Blood vessels bringing blood to and from lungs for gas exchange1. Purpose is to eliminate CO2 and pick up O2iv. Arteries carry blood away from heart 1. Carry deoxygenated bloodv. Veins carry oxygen to the heart1. Carry oxygenated blood b. Systemic circuiti. Left side of the heart, left ventricleii. From aorta to pulmonary circuitiii. All of blood vessels going to and from every part of the body1. Gas exchange, nutrient exchange, etc. iv. Arteries carry blood away from heart 1. Carry oxygenated bloodv. Veins carry oxygen to the heart1. Carry deoxygenated blood c. Coronary Circuiti. Cardiac arteries1. Separated into right and left 2. Deliver blood to the tissues of the heart itselfa. Oxygen-rich blood3. Branch off directly from the aorta 4. Give rise to other vessels ii. Cardiac veins1. Drain blood from the hearta. Oxygen-poor blood 2. Join to form coronary sinusa. Dumps directly into right