ANTH 160A1 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Evidence for a Greater Complexity Among Hunters and GatherersII. Hunter-Gatherer Survival a. Mobility b. SharingIII. Hunter/Gatherers vs. Agriculturalists IV. The Many Theories on the Origin of Agriculturea. Climate Changeb. Ecological Theoriesc. Population Pressured. Population and Resource Theoriese. Social Competitionf. Social TheoriesV. Who Invented Agriculture?VI. Results of Agriculture Outline of Current Lecture II. Rice DomesticationIII. Harvesting RiceIV. Biological Effects of DomesticationV. Result of Catastrophic Crop FailureVI. Why Did Humans Adopt Agriculture?VII. Early agricultural sites in Southwest AsiaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture- Many different crops existed in many different areas.◦ Millet → North China (c. 6,500 BCE)◦ Barley/Wheat → South Asia (c. 6,500 BCE)◦ Taro/Yam → New Guinea ( c. 4,900 – 2,400 BCE)Rice Domestication- China: c. 8,000 – 6,000 BCE- Island SEA: 2,000 BCE- South Asia: c. 2,500 BCE - Southeast Asia: c. 2,500 BCE- Wild rice grows lakeside, in shallow waters, and near swamps.Harvesting Rice- Rachis: A stem of a plant (especially a grass)- Winnowing: An agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for separating grain from chaff.- Accidentally select for brittle rachis:◦ Those plants that are mostly likely to fall into a basket or a boat◦ Threshing and unloading makes stands of good rice near camp◦ Increased yield of semi wild rice ◦ Human populations rise with higher rice yields - Fill in deepest sections of lake- Irrigation- Terrace Hillsides2Biological Effects of Domestication- Increase yield per acre and per plant◦ At the expense of more labor (irrigation, weeding, etc.)◦ Range of domesticated plants greatly expands (i.e., planted in places that it never grew before)- Humans and plants dependent on one another.- Decrease genetic diversity of domesticated plants◦ More susceptible to disease and environmental factors▪ Drought or rice disease → Famine Results of Catastrophic Crop Failure- Move to a new location (visit distant relatives)- Bring seeds to plant again ◦ Cannot survive with hunting and gathering anymore◦ Serves to cause rapid spread of domesticated cropsWhy Did Humans Adopt Agriculture?- There was no real intention of doing so (a bit of an accident).- Once lock-in hits, there is a rapid adoption of agriculture and rapid population increases.- This still does not explain the timing. Why did it take so long for agriculture to be adopted?The Origins of Agriculture in Southwest Asia- Neolithic in Southwest Asia◦ Major domesticated crops: barley, rye, wheat◦ Minor domesticated crops: chickpeas (garbanzo beans), lentils, peas◦ Domesticated animals: cattle, goats, pigs, sheep- Early agricultural sites in Southwest Asia◦ Abu Hureyra (Syria)▪ Occupied prior to agriculture (c. 11,000 BCE)- Gazelle hunting, gathering wild cereals, pit houses▪ Earliest agriculture at 10,000 BCE▪ Early Neolithic Phase: (8,800 – 6,8000 BC)▪ Domestication of einkorn wheat and barley▪ Domestication of sheep (30 acre village)▪ Skeletal evidence for labor investment in processing of grains (women's toes)▪ Still strong reliance on hunting and gathering- Pit Houses → Above Ground Houses◦ Jericho (West Bank)▪ c. 9,600 – 7,000 BCE▪ Excavated 1930s to 1950s (Kathleen Kenyon: A leading archaeologist of Neolithic culture in the Fertile Crescent)▪ Walled town; massive stone/mud walls, tower, ditch▪ Standard neolithic animals and plants▪ No pottery before 6,500 BCE▪ Tell site (A type of archaeological mound created by human occupation and abandonment of a geographical site over many centuries)◦ Çatalhöyük (Turkey)▪ c. 7,300 – 6,200 BC▪ Large, complex settlement of 32 acres▪ Great mound or tell ▪ Involved in production and trade of obsidian4▪ Extensive cult activity (religion seems to emphasize duality of male/female god/goddesses)▪ Plastered walls with bulls and women◦ Jarmo (Iraq) ▪ 7,000 BCE ▪ Barley, emmer wheat and other crops farmed ▪ Sheep and goat herding and few wild animals▪ Non-local (exotic) materials- Participation in trading networks▪ 20 houses with approximately 100 – 150