ANTH 160A1 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Human Ancestors and Languagea. Beginning with the Homo Ergasterb. Neanderthals (Symbols)c. Early Homo Sapiens (Symbols)d. Upper Paleolithic Art in Europee. Cave PaintingsOutline of Current Lecture II. Intensification and Complexitya. The End of the Ice AgesIII. Holocene Adaptations a. Broad-Spectrum AdaptationIV. Holocene ExtinctionsV. Technological Trendsa. Basketryb. The Population/Density HypothesisCurrent LectureIntensification and Complexity- The End of the Ice Ages◦ 12,700 – 10,800 BCE◦ Characterized by global warming, a rise in sea levels, and a rise in temperatures◦ Younger Dryas: Cooling period▪ 10,800 – 9,600 BCEThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.▪ Rapid onset/end- Holocene: Warmer period beginning about 10,000 BCE- Anthropocene: Our actions are having worldwide implications (Starting after people made it to the New World)Holocene Adaptations- Broad-Spectrum Adaptation: Exploiting a wide variety of food resources◦ Shift to smaller animals, birds, and fish◦ Increased exploitation of plant foods◦ Emphasis on fishing and trapping technologies◦ Bow and arrow (for smaller game)◦ Increased social complexity◦ Intensification- More localization of artifact styles◦ New “cultures”- Broader range of animals and plants in diet- Specialization adapted to regional environmentsHolocene Extinctions- 10,000 – 8,000 BC: Extinctions of bison, mammoth, reindeer, and woolly rhinoceros in Central and Western Europe- Replaced by forest animals (red and roe deer)- Three-quarters of all large mammals in the New World go extinct including: giant bison, giant sloths, mammoth, mastodon, and wild horses. Some small mammals go extinct as well. - Human overkill 2- Climatic changeTechnological Trends- Generally smaller tool-kits – a diminution of tool sizes- More efficient and specialized tools, such as fish weirs, ground stone, nets- Basketry◦ Transportation/storage of resources (acorns)◦ Carrying Capacity: Ability of the environment to support animals and people▪ Make jackets (adaption allows increase in population)- The Population Pressure/Density Hypothesis◦ 13,000 BC: Hunter/gatherer population – 8.5 million◦ Population Pressure: Mobility restricted ▪ People spend more time in a smaller