ANTH 160A1 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2- 12 Lecture 2 (January 22)What are the three secrets of archaeology?The three secrets of archaeology are that archaeologists study people, archaeologists learn verylittle from individual artifacts, and to do well in archaeology, you must observe how people interact with the material world today.Define anthropology.Anthropology is the study of humankind in its wildest sense (includes biology and culture).Define archaeology.Archaeology is the study of the human past (and present) using the surviving material remains of human behavior. Define culture.Culture is a set of designs for living that help mold human responses to different situations OR a group of people who share (to some arbitrary degree) a design for living. Define cultural system.Cultural system is a complex system of interacting behaviors and beliefs that may or may not be manifested materially.Define cultural process.Cultural process is a process by which human societies change through time.What three factors cause change?Change is caused by diffusion, invention, and migration. What are the five stages of archaeological research?The five stages of archaeological research are reconnaissance/survey, excavation, analysis/lab work, interpretation, and repeat.Lecture 3 (January 27)Reconnaissance/survey involves doing what? Provide examples of how to do so.Reconnaissance/survey involves searching an area for archaeological sites. To do so, go somewhere and ask people if they have seen anything old, walk around and look where sites seem likely, systematically walk areas looking for sites, or use remote sensing.Is surveying can be systematic or unsystematic?Surveying can be either systematic OR unsystematic.An extensive strategy involves...learning a little about a lot of sites. Describe the process of excavation.Excavation involves digging square holes. This involves recording the exact location of all artifacts and developing chronology of site use.An intensive strategy involves...learning a lot about a few sites.Explain the problems that come with excavation. Excavation is destructive (you can only dig a site once/it destroys the area we study over time), it is expensive, and it is time-consuming. What is the longest portion of research?The analysis/lab work is the longest portion of research. It is used to make sense of the artifacts previously collected. What does BC/AD stand for? BCE/CE? BP? MYA?BC/AD means before Christ/Anno Domini, BCE/CE means Before Common Era/Common Era, BP means Before Present, and MYA means Million Years Ago. Interpretation asks...Who?, When?, Where?, Why? and How?.Processual archaeology emphasizes...human interactions with the environment, social evolution (bands, chiefdoms, states, and tribes), and adaptation. Postprocessual archaeology emphasizes...human agency (we are more than just what we eat), belief/ideology, power differentials, and gender.Lecture 4 (January 29)Where did our human ancestors first emerge from?Our human ancestors first emerged in Africa. The first few million years of human existence took place there.Did humans evolve from apes?No; apes and humans both evolved from the same common ancestor.Describe the characteristics of early primates.Early primates were arboreal, binocular vision, fruit-eating, grasping hands, high sexual dimorphism, and quadruped.2What is a major between apes and humans?Apes simply copy the behavior they see whereas human beings teach one another. Lecture 5 (February 3)Describe the term hominin. Hominin means modern humans, earlier human subspecies, and other direct ancestors.What is the difference between a unilinear biological evolution and a multilinear biological evolution? A unilinear biological evolution is a single line of hominins leading to modern humans whereas amultilinear biological evolution are many different hominins at the same time. What are the key developments in human evolution?The key developments in human evolution include: bipedalism, tool-making, reduction of sexualdimorphism, and development of language.What are the benefits of bipedalism?The benefits of bipedalism include: being highly efficient (taking less energy), free hands for other activities, and standing taller (seeing farther).What are the physical traits of Homo Ergasters?Homo Ergasters are more efficient at running/walking, narrower pelvis/shorter arms, no longerspending nights in trees, and not as efficient at climbing. Their larynx was shifted upward (thus increasing death by choking), and a wider range of sound would become possible.Why didn't Homo Ergasters make it into cold regions?Homo Ergasters did not make it into cold regions due to their lack of appropriate technology (e.g., sewing to make coats).Describe characteristics of Neanderthals.Neanderthals have a distinctive cranial and body anatomy, they are accomplished hunters, and they have burials for the dead (possible belief in an afterlife).Lecture 6 (February 10)What is a symbol?A symbol is something that represents something else by association, convention, or resemblance. A key element of language is that it is symbolic (e.g., the word dog is not the same as an actual dog). Describe the various symbols associated with Neanderthals.The Shanidar Cave (found in Iraq) is one symbol associated with Neanderthals. There were flower burials in there, indicating a possible belief in an afterlife. Red Ochre was found in these various burials.Marine shell beads and incised stones were a symbol of what species?Marine shell beads and incised stones were a symbol of early homo sapiens.When were these key rock art sites discovered: Altamira, Spain; Chauvet, France; Cosquer, France; Lascaux, France; and Niaux, FranceAltamira was discovered in 1868 (16-14,000 BP).Chauvet was discovered in 1995 (32-30,000 BP).Cosquer was discovered in 1994 (27-19,000 BP).Lascaux was discovered in 1940 (15-10,000 BP).Niaux was discovered in 1907 (13-10,000 BP).What type of things were painted in caves?Animals were painted in the caves (common: bison, horses; less common: bears, cats, carnivores, goats, mammoths, reindeer). Geometric patterns, hand impressions, and monsters were painted in the caves as well. What is the key element of modern language?The key element of modern language is thinking symbolically.What gave Homo Sapiens the edge over Neanderthals?Language and symbolic thought gave homo sapiens the edge over homo