ANTH 160 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Three Secrets of Archaeologya. Archaeologists study people.b. Archaeologists learn very little from individual artifacts.c. To do well in archaeology, you must observe how people interact with the material world today.II. Definition of Key Terms (Anthropology, Archaeology, Culture)III. Change is caused by...IV. Introduction to the Stages of Archaeological ResearchOutline of Current Lecture II. Stages of Archaeological ResearchA. Reconnaissance/SurveyB. Excavationa. Problems with ExcavationC. Analysis/Lab WorkD. InterpretationE. RepeatIII. Dating 101IV. Processual Archaeology vs. Postprocessual ArchaeologyCurrent LectureReconnaissance/Survey- Reconnaissance/Survey involves searching an area for archaeological sites. To do so:◦ Go somewhere and ask people if they have seen anything old.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.◦ Walk around and look where sites seem likely.◦ Systematically walk areas looking for sites.◦ Use remote sensing (the scanning of the earth by satellite).- Surveying can be systematic or unsystematic.◦ Identify sites for excavation.◦ Develop regional understandings.◦ Extensive strategy: Learn a little about a lot of sites.- Systematic Survey: Surface documentationExcavation- Excavation means to dig square holes. This involves:◦ Recording the exact location of all artifacts (Archaeology is ¾ record keeping!).◦ Developing chronology of site use (examine the change over time)◦ Intensive strategy: Learn a lot about a few sites.- You can learn how to do excavation in an archaeological field school.Problems with Excavation- Destructive◦ You can only dig a site once.◦ It destroys the areas we study over time.- Expensive- Time-Consuming2Analysis/Lab Work- Analysis/Lab Work is used to make sense of the artifacts collected previously.- We rely on specialists (for plants, dating, animals, etc.)- This is the longest portion of the research.◦ One hour in the field = Three hours in the lab (processing the material)Dating 101- BC/AD: Before Christ/Anno Domini (In the year of the Lord)- BCE/CE: Before Common Era/Common Era- BP: Before Present (Actually 1950)- MYA: Million Years AgoInterpretation- This section of the research asks: Who?, When?, Where?, Why? and How?.- Who lived where and when?◦ Basic chronological and geographic narratives- How did they live?◦ Example: How did they eat?◦ Example: How did they organize themselves? (e.g., kings)- Why? ◦ Asking the big questions◦ Example: Why adopt agriculture? ◦ Example: Why colonize the New World?Why?/Social Theory- There are as many ways to understand the past as there are to understand the present. - Two major ways archaeologists explain why:◦ Processual Theories◦ Postprocessual TheoriesProcessual Archaeology- Emphasis on human interactions with the environment- Social Evolution◦ Bands, chiefdoms, states, tribes- Adaptation◦ Not biological, but cultural adaptation (e.g., making and wearing a coat to deal with the cold)Postprocessual Archaeology- Human Agency◦ We are more than just what we eat.- Focuses more on:◦ Belief/Ideology◦ Power Differentials (e.g., commoners and kings)◦ Gender- Cultural Change from Within (e.g., The Civil Rights Movement (MLK) is not the result of climate change.)4- Most archaeologists combine processual and postprocessual archaeology in their interpretationsof the lives of people in the