Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16.8 Stokes’ Theorem2 2 Stokes' Theorem Stokes’ Theorem can be regarded as a higher-dimensional version of Green’s Theorem. Green’s Theorem relates a double integral over a plane region D to a line integral around its plane boundary curve, Stokes’ Theorem relates a surface integral over a surface S to a line integral around the boundary curve of S (which is a space curve). Figure 1 shows an oriented surface with unit normal vector n. Figure 13 3 Stokes' Theorem The orientation of S induces the positive orientation of the boundary curve C shown in the figure. This means that if you walk in the positive direction around C with your head pointing in the direction of n, then the surface will always be on your left.4 4 Stokes' Theorem Since ∫C F ! dr = ∫C F ! T ds and curl F ! dS = curl F ! n dS Stokes’ Theorem says that the line integral around the boundary curve of S of the tangential component of F is equal to the surface integral over S of the normal component of the curl of F. The positively oriented boundary curve of the oriented surface S is often written as ∂S, so Stokes’ Theorem can be expressed as curl F ! dS = F ! dr5 5 Stokes' Theorem There is an analogy among Stokes’ Theorem, Green’s Theorem, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. As before, there is an integral involving derivatives on the left side of Equation 1 (recall that curl F is a sort of derivative of F) and the right side involves the values of F only on the boundary of S.6 6 Stokes' Theorem In fact, in the special case where the surface S is flat and lies in the xy-plane with upward orientation, the unit normal is k, the surface integral becomes a double integral, and Stokes’ Theorem becomes ∫C F ! dr = curl F ! dS = (curl F) ! k dA This is precisely the vector form of Green’s Theorem. Thus we see that Green’s Theorem is really a special case of Stokes’ Theorem.7 7 Example 1 Evaluate ∫C F ! dr, where F (x, y, z) = –y2 i + x j + z2 k and C is the curve of intersection of the plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1. (Orient C to be counterclockwise when viewed from above.) Solution: The curve C (an ellipse) is shown in Figure 3. Figure 38 8 Example 1 – Solution Although ∫C F ! dr could be evaluated directly, it’s easier to use Stokes’ Theorem. We first compute Although there are many surfaces with boundary C, the most convenient choice is the elliptical region S in the plane y + z = 2 that is bounded by C. cont’d9 9 Example 1 – Solution If we orient S upward, then C has the induced positive orientation. The projection D of S onto the xy-plane is the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 1 and so using equation with z = g (x, y) = 2 – y, we have cont’d10 10 Example 1 – Solution cont’d11 11 Stokes' Theorem In general, if S1 and S2 are oriented surfaces with the same oriented boundary curve C and both satisfy the hypotheses of Stokes’ Theorem, then This fact is useful when it is difficult to integrate over one surface but easy to integrate over the other. We now use Stokes’ Theorem to throw some light on the meaning of the curl vector.12 12 Stokes' Theorem Suppose that C is an oriented closed curve and v represents the velocity field in fluid flow. Consider the line integral ∫C v ! dr = ∫C v ! T ds and recall that v ! T is the component of v in the direction of the unit tangent vector T.13 13 Stokes' Theorem This means that the closer the direction of v is to the direction of T, the larger the value of v ! T. Thus ∫C v ! dr is a measure of the tendency of the fluid to move around C and is called the circulation of v around C. (See Figure 5.) Figure 5 (a) ∫C v ! dr > 0, positive circulation (b) ∫C v ! dr < 0, negative circulation14 14 Stokes' Theorem Now let P0(x0, y0, z0) be a point in the fluid and let Sa be a small disk with radius a and center P0. Then (curl F)(P) ≈ (curl F)(P0) for all points P on Sa because curl F is continuous. Thus, by Stokes’ Theorem, we get the following approximation to the circulation around the boundary circle Ca:15 15 Stokes' Theorem This approximation becomes better as a → 0 and we have Equation 4 gives the relationship between the curl and the circulation. It shows that curl v ! n is a measure of the rotating effect of the fluid about the axis n. The curling effect is greatest about the axis parallel to curl v.16 16 Stokes' Theorem We know that F is conservative if ∫C F ! dr = 0 for every closed path C. Given C, suppose we can find an orientable surface S whose boundary is C. Then Stokes’ Theorem gives A curve that is not simple can be broken into a number of simple curves, and the integrals around these simple curves are all 0. Adding these integrals, we obtain ∫C F ! dr = 0 for any closed curve C.17 17 MIDTERM 3 REVIEW 15.4: Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates • Area element dA in polar coordinates • Converting double integrals from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates • Evaluating double integrals in polar coordinates18 18 MIDTERM 3 REVIEW 15.5: Applications of double integrals • Volume under a surface (the graph of a function of two variables) • Area of region R • Average value of function over a region R • Applications to physics: computing mass and electrical charge given mass (or charge) density function, center of mass, centroid, etc. (see the list of computational tasks below for details)19 19 MIDTERM 3 REVIEW 15.7, 15.8, and 15.9: Triple integrals • Triple integrals • Application to computing volume, mass, electric charge, moments, center of mass, centroid, moments of inertia, etc.20 20 MIDTERM 3 REVIEW 15.7, 15.8, and 15.9: Triple integrals • Cylindrical coordinates • Spherical coordinates • Simple surfaces in cylindrical and spherical coordinates • Converting equations from rectangular to cylindrical or spherical coordinates, and vice versa • Computing triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.21 21 MIDTERM 3 REVIEW 16.4: Green's theorem • Evaluate line integrals using Green's theorem and double integrals, or vice versa • Find area using Green's theorem and line integrals • Green's Theorem for regions with "holes” • Reduce line integrals over complicated curves to regions using Green's theorem.22 22 MIDTERM 3 REVIEW 16.5: Divergence,
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