KIN 291 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6 – 11I. Abdominal Anatomya. Describe the boundaries of the Abdominal Regioni. Abdominal Quadrants:1. right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, leftlower quadrant2. Median plane: separates right and left quadrants3. Transumbilical plane: separates upper and lower quadrantsii. Abdominal regions:1. Divided by two transverse and two sagittal lines 2.b. Why do we have an Abdominal Wall?i. Forms a firm, flexible wall which keeps the abdominal viscera in the abdominal cavityii. Assists in forceful expiration by pushing the abdominal viscera upwardsiii. Involved in any action (coughing, vomiting) that increases intra-abdominal pressure.c. Describe the structures of the anterolateral abdominal wall from superficial (skin) to deep (parietal peritoneum. Be sure to know the function of each of the individual structures (separate out the individual muscles)i. Anterolateral abdominal wall: extends from the thoracic cage to pelvis and boundedii. 3 flat muscles with strong sheet like aponeuroses:1. External oblique:2. Internal oblique:3. Transverse oblique: fibers moved transversely (side to side)a. Function: sucking in air to cause umbillical to spine.iii. 2 vertical Muscles1. Rectus Abdominis:2. Pyramidalis:d. What is the inguinal canal? Where is it located? Why do we need it? Can anything ever go wrong with this structure?....why so? i. Inguinal canal: canal connecting abdominal cavity to testes: spermatic cordii. Inguinal hernia results because pressure finds weak spot at inguinal canale. What is the visceral and parietal peritoneum of the abdomen?i. Visceral peritoneum: covers the organsii. Parietal peritoneum: lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities1. Provides support: Intestines; Mesentery & Mesocolon; Stomach; Omenta; Liver; Falciform ligament2. Prevents intestinal twisting3. Stores fat4. Pathaway for vessels & nervesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.f. Peritoneal Vs Retroperitoneal cavity – why and what structures are separated?i. Peritoneal involves digestionii. Retroperitoneal involves the kidneysiii. Separated by connective tissueg. Describe the structure, key features/subdivisions, superficial (surface location) and function(s) of the following visceral organs of the abdomen i. Esophagus:1. Passes through “esophageal hiatus” in the diaphragm to enter the abdomen2. Joins stomach at cardiac orificeii. Stomach1. Located in epigastric and left hypochondriac regions2. Functions:a. Food storageb. Mix food with gastric secretions to form chymec. Chyme delivery to small intestine3. Divisions:a. Fundusb. Bodyc. Antrumd. Pyloric canal & pyloric sphincteriii. Small Intestine1. Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphinter to the ileocecal valve.2. Divided to ileum, jejunum, duodenum3. Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesenteryiv. Large Intestine/Colon:1. Regions: a. Cecumb. Colonc. Rectumd. Anal canal2. Functions: complete absorption, produce certain vitamins, and form & expel fecesv. Appendix:1. Lower right quadrantvi. Spleen1. Located in L hypochondriac region2. Sophisticated filter that monitors and manages blood cells and immune functionsvii. Pancreas:1. Elongated Digestive Glanda. Posterior/inferior to stomach2. Islets of Langerhansa. Endocrine: insulinviii. Liver1. Upper right quadrant, beneath diaphragm2. 2 lobes 3. Can regenerate4. Functions:a. Storage of nutrientsb. Erythrocyte breakdownc. Bile secretiond. Cholesterol synthesise. Alcohol metabolismix. Gall Bladder1. Epigastric/ R hypochondriac region2. Inferior surface of liver3. Receives bile via hepatic ducts from liverExample Abdomen MC Questions:II. Pain in the right Lower Quadrant of the abdomen may commonly be associated with which structuresa. Transverse colonb. Stomachc. Appendixd. LiverIII. In which of the following structures does absorption of nutrient NOT occura. Esophagusb. Stomachc. Small Intestined. Pancrease. A & Df. None of the above…they all have absorptive rolesIV. The structure that provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to/from the organs of the abdomen is thea. Parietal Peritoneumb. Visceral Peritoneumc. Peritoneal Cavityd. None of the aboveV. Pelvic Anatomya. Describe the boundaries of the Pelvic region.i. How do we separate the Greater (false) from Lesser (true) pelvis1. They are separated by using the pelvic brim as the limiting line. The greater pelvis is located above the pelvic brim and the less pelvis is below the brim.ii. What is contained in the pelvic cavity1. Urinary bladder, ureters, pelvic genital organs, rectum, blood vessels, lymphatics and nervesb. What bones make up the pelvic girdle (ring)?i. What bones make up the Innominate bone?1. Pubis: most anterior2. Ilium: superior3. Ischium: inferior posteriorii. What are the key joints of the pelvic ring?1. Pubis symphysis: a. Cartilaginous joint between 2 pubic bones2. Sacroiliac joint:a. Bilateral synovial joint between ilium and sacrum3. Acetabulum: hip joint where femur attachesc. How does the bony structure of the pelvis differ by sex? Why do these differences exist?i. Male: bone structure is thickerii. Women: wider because they have to give birth.d. Describe/Identify the Pelvic Floor? What are the functions of the pelvic floori. Formed by the funnel shaped pelvic diaphragm: consists of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles and their fasciaii. Stretches between the pubis anteriorly and the coccyx posteriorly and from one lateral pelvic wall to the otheriii. Pelvic floor are multi-taskers1. Pelvic organ support2. Breathing3. Restrict rectum and urinary track4. Childbirth5. Low back stability 6. Pelvic stabilitye. Describe/Identify the following:i. Kidneys: paired organs part of retroperitineal cavity in abdomen1. Filters blood of toxins, metabolic wastes, excess water, excess ions2. Dispose of nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)3. Regulates the balance of water and electrolytes, acids and bases4. Two regions:a. Cortex: (outer) columns of cortex divides medulla into pyramidsb. Medulla: (inner) parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubulesii. Adrenal Gland1. Located upper pole of kidney2. Regulates fluid volume and stress response (aldosterone, sex hormone, cortisol)iii. Ureter:1. Connects kidneys to bladdera. Retroperitoneal muscular tubesiv. Urinary Bladder:1. Urine storagev.