KIN 291 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide 1. Name and describe the planes of the body:Planes of the body: *all planes are determined from the reference point of the anatomical positionSagittal plane: Left and rightMedian plane: middle of the body that splits between left and rightFrontal/Coronal: anterior and posteriorTransverse/axial: superior and inferior2. What are primary joint motions that occur in each planeSagittal plane joint motionsFlexion= decrease angle between 2 segments (fetus positions)Extension= increase angle between 2 segments (going from fetus to anatomical position)Dorsiflexion= point toes up (towards chin)Plantar flexion= points toes downFrontal Plane Joint MotionsAbduction: move away from midlineAdduction: move towards midlineElevation: move shoulder girdle superiorly Depression: move shoulder girdle inferiorlyInversion: left medial border of footEversion: lift lateral border of footL/R lateral flexion: bend trunk to L/RTransverse Plane Joint Movements (the rotations)Medial rotation: anterior surface rotates medially (also called inward or internal rotation)Lateral rotation: anterior surface rotates laterally (also called outward or external rotation)3. What terms are used to describe placement in the body/what do these terms mean?Directional Terms:Distal: farther from trunkLateral: away from midlineAnterior: Front side in anatomical position (ventral)Superior: closer to head (cranial)Superficial: closer to surfacePlantar: bottom of footProximal: closer to trunkMedial: closer to midlinePosterior: back side in anatomical position (dorsal)Inferior: farther from head (caudal)Deep: farther from surfaceDorsal: top of foot4. What is the difference between regional anatomy and systemic anatomy? Why is this class using regional approach?5. Name the anatomical regions of the body ( be able to pick them out ona diagram)6. Skeletal system7. What are the 2 regionsi. The 2 skeletal regions are Axial (ribcage and skull, remember these protection vital organs), Appendicular (responsible for movement and function)8. What are the purpose?i. Propose of the skeletal system is for protection, support of body, storage of salts, RBC production- in marrow of medullary cavity9. Name the different Components of the long bones of the bodyi. Compact, spongy bones, and medullary cavity10. What is the importance of each? 1. Compact bones: provide strength and rigidity, will always be the outside of the bone2. Spongy bones: bone that consist of bubbles in it, not as strong as compact3. Medullary cavity: is the center of the bone.11. Name the 3 classifications of joints, their relative function, and an example of each.i. Fibrous: holds bones together such as the tibia and fibula ii. Cartilaginous:iii. Synovial: typically have ligaments connected to it12. Muscular system13. Name the 3 types of muscular tissue of the body?i. Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth14. How do they differ/ How are they similar?1. Skeletal: Myofibrils can shorten to about 70% of resting length. Grouping of myofibrils gets some nerve impulse. Motor neuron and all muscle fibers stimulated. (voluntary control)2. Cardiac: forms muscular wall of heart- myocardium, not under voluntary control, each cell joined buy intercalated disks.3. Smooth: Name for absence of striations, involuntary, no striations or sacromeres15. Where are each commonly found?1. Skeletal: muscles of the body2. Cardiac: heart3. Smooth: blood vessels, skin, eye, digestive track16. What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?i. Functional unit is called a motor unit17. Cardiovascular System18. What is the general function? i. Transports fluids throughout the body, part of circulatory19. What is the general path of flow through the systemi. Heart arteries arterioles capillaries interchange venules veins20. What are the functions of arteries/ vein?i. Arteries: carry blood from heart (smooth muscle)* Arteries take the blood up up and away from the Heart*ii. Veins: carry blood to heart, generally less smooth muscle, include one way valves iii. Muscle pump, valves, sometimes we have one way valves21. Lymphoid systema. What is the function?i. Allows us to move lymphb. What are the main structures?i. Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct: take into veinsii. Nodes: mass of tissue where lymph is filtered on way to venous system22. Nervous systema. What are the 2 anatomical divisions?i. Central nervous system (CNS): brain & spinal cordii. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): all neural tissue outside CNSb. What structures are involved?1. CNS: contains all cell bodies of nervous system (Graymatter), contains axon and dendrites (white matter), no cell bodies in the (PNS)2. PNS: White matter, neurons be different in diameter, diameter can be function of myelin sheath, formed by schwann cellc. What are the 2 functional division of the nervous system?i. Somatic: voluntary and sensation (touching a surface)ii. Autonomic: involuntary & smooth muscle (digestion, cardiac rate, but not under control)d. What is the base cell of the nervous system?i.e. Name all the important components and describe the function of each componentf. What is the difference between a dermatome and myotome?i. Dermatome: product of which nerve is connect to which sensation part of body (skin)ii. Myotome: muscle, axonial23. Digestive systema. Functions of system?i. Ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion (mechanical), absorption, defecationb. What are the 2 main groups of organs? Why do we separate them into these groups anatomically?1. Aligmentary Canal/ GI tract: physical pathway (primary)2. Accessory Digestive organs:24. Respiratory Systema. Functions of system:i. Air movement and gas exchangeii. Lungs where gas exchange occurs25. Integumentary systema. Functions:i. Sweat glands excrete sweat through poresii. Body’s first line of defenseb. Main structures of skin?i. Epidermis: outer layerii. Dermis: inner layer26. Urinary systema. Functions:i. Regulate the balance of water and electrolytes, acids and basesii. Dispose of nitrogenous wastes from blood27. Reproductive systema. Functions:i. Includes the external genitalia and internal reproductive organs28. Endocrine systema. Functions:i. Glands throughout the body that submit molecules that spread throughout the bodyThoracic Anatomy1. Describe the boundaries of the Thoracic Region?a. Superiorly: jugular notch, sternoclavicular joint, superior border of clavicle, acromion, spinous processes of C7b. Inferiorly: xiphoid process,