KIN 291 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 12 16 I Back Anatomy a Vertebral Column Spine b What are the functions c What components make up the vertebral column i 7 cervical ii 12 thoracic iii 5 lumbar iv 5 sacral v 4 coccygeal d Describe the common curvatures of the spine i Cervical 1 Posterior Concave 2 Anterior Convex ii Thoracic 1 Posterior Convex 2 Anterior Concave Kyphosis iii Lumbar 1 Posterior Concave 2 Anterior Convex 3 Lordosis More concave spine in Lumbar e In a generic vertebra be able to identify describe i Body ii Vertebral Arch formed by 1 Pedicles base of arch 2 Laminae most posterior part of arch iii Vertebral Foramen 1 In spinal cord area and is there for protection iv Spinous Process 1 Most posterior projection for muscular attachment v Transverse Process 1 Most lateral projection for muscular attachment vi What is vertebral foramen stenosis 1 It s a condition of narrowing vii Superior articular process viii Inferior articular facet ix Intervertebral foramen 1 Spinal nerve roots exit out of it f What are the key structural characteristics that differentiate cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebrae i Cervical Vertebrae 1 Small vertebral bodies 2 C1 atlas These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a Supports cranium b No body on C1 3 C2 axis a Dens help with rotating C1 and C2 ii Thoracic Vertebrae 1 Articulate with the ribs a Happens on the transverse process iii Lumbar Vertebrae 1 Superior vertebrae inferior facet articulates with inferior vertebra superior facet g Describe Identify the key structures of the intervertebral body joints h How does the disc structure change during the course of a day i Two parts 1 Anulus Fibrosus a Outer rim of fibrocartilage b Dense tissue hard to tear 2 Nucleus Pulposus a Gooey mass b Mostly water i Describe the ligamentous support system of the vertebral column i Supraspinous Spinous process to spinous process tip to tip C7 to sacrum 1 Limits Flexion 2 In cervical region becomes muscle thicker with a greater elastic content ii Ligamentous Support 1 Connects lamina of one to lamina of the other 2 Found from axis to sacrum 3 Limit Flexion j II Describe Identify the key structures of the vertebral arch joints i Facet Zygapophysial 1 Synovial joint between superior and inferior process 2 Region specific function 3 Stability to anterior to posterior k Demonstrate describe the motions of the verterbral column i Cervical Mobility Stability 1 Flexion extension 2 Lateral Flex 3 Rotation ii Thoracic least mobility 1 Moderate flex slight hypertension sagittal 2 Moderate lateral flexion Frontal 3 Rotation iii Lumbar stability mobility 1 Flexion extension 2 Lateral Flex 3 Slight rotation Back Anatomy a What is the spinal cord where is it located b c d e f i Function 1 Sensory and motor function ii Nerve tissue passing through vertebral foramen CNS 1 Once exits the vertebral foramen becomes PNS iii Foramen magnum to L1 L2 Describe the structure key features subdivisions and function s of the spinal cord i Cervical enlargement 1 Pectoral girdle and upper limbs ii Lumbar enlargement 1 Pelvis and lower limbs iii Conus medullaris 1 Inferior to the lumbar enlargement nerve root structure iv Cauda equine v Spinal Nerves 1 Paired nerves exiting Intervertebral foramen a 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal Describe the structure key features subdivisions and function s of the spinal meninges i Dura mater 1 Tough mother Strong covers the whole spinal cord ii Arachnoid 1 Spidery looking carries blood vessels not very strong iii Cerebrospinal fluid 1 Clear watery ultra filtrates solution derived from blood 2 The CSF provides a cushion that protects the delicate tissues of the spinal cord 3 Involved in the exchange of nutrients between the blood and neurons of the CNS iv Pia Mater 1 Delicate mother adheres tightly to surface of spinal cord most inner layer v Epidural Space What is a spinal tap What is an epidural injection 1 Epidural Space a Between the dura mater and periosteum of the vertebrae space between dura mater and arachnoid subdural space no CSF b Space between arachnoid and pia mater subarachnoid spaceCSF blood vessels spinal roots 2 Spinal tap a Goes through the dura mater 3 Epidural injection a Mostly for anesthetics outside the dura mater Be able to describe the key structures of the internal spinal cord transverse cross section i Grey matter ii White matter iii Nerve root iv Axonal motor and dendritic sensory pathways Why the various ratios of white to grey matter in various levels of the spinal cord What is a dermatome i Related spinal nerves are indicated for each dermatome ii Clinically important damage to spinal nerve or dorsal root ganglion produces a loss of sensation iii Sensory test use P to determine what s wrong at a CNS level g What is herpes zoster and how does the clinical presentation relate to anatomy i Herpes zoster 1 Painful or itching rash that is on one side of body or face with dermatomal distribution ii Muscles of the Back h Describe the general function of the Extrinsic superficial and intermediate and Intrinsic back musculature i Extrinsic 1 Superficial a Connect limbs to trunk i Will cover with upper limb 2 Intermediate a Serratus posterior superior i C7 T3 spinous processes to Ribs 2 4 ii Elevates ribs inspiration b Serratus posterior inferior i T11 L2 spinous processes to ribs 8 12 ii Depresses ribs expiration c Levator Costorum i C7 T11 Transverse processes to subjacent ribs ii Elevate ribs inspiration iii Each ribs help with space to breathe ii Intrinsic Deep maintained posture and control movement of vertebral column 1 Extended from pelvis to cranium a Grouped into 1 superficial 2 Intermediate 3 Deep Layers 2 Enclosed by deep fascia a Thoracolumbar Fascia b Splenius i Thick and fat bandage ii C7 T6 spinous processes to mastoid capitus OR C1 C4 transverse processes cervicis iii Laterally flex rotate and extend c 3 Intermediate layer a Erector spinae muscles i Between spinous processes ii Largely extension iii Spinalis medial iv Longissiumus intermediate v Illocostalis lateral 1 Illeum up to ribs 4 Deep layer a Transversopinalis system i From transverse processes to transverseprocesses ii Occupy gutter iii Muscles arise laterally and insert medially I II Head and Anterior NeckAnatomy a What is the skull Why is it important b Identify and describe the following Facial aspect cranial