BBMB 405 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture XVI Chapter 24 The biosynthesis of Amino Acids A Nitrogen fixation Microorganisms use ATP and a powerful reductant to reduce atmosphere nitrogen to ammonia B Amino acids are made from intermediates of citric acid cycle and other major pathways C Feedback inhibition regulates amino acid biosynthesis D Amino acids are precursors of many biomolecules Outline of Current Lecture XVI Chapter 24 The biosynthesis of Amino Acids D Amino acids are precursors of many biomolecules XVII Chapter 25 Nucleotide Biosynthesis A Nucleotides can be synthesized by de novo or salvage pathways B The pyrimidine ring is assembled de novo or recovered by salvage pathways Current Lecture XVI Chapter 24 The biosynthesis of Amino Acids C Amino acids are precursors of many biomolecules 1 Formation of Nitric Oxide These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 2 Handout 2 23 a Physiological actions of NO blood vessel dilation hypertension neurotransmitter immune response helps kill bacteria b Biochemical action NO activates Guanylatecyclase which converts GTP to cGMP cGMP dilates blood vessels c Heme synthesis i succinyl CoA Glycine lowercase delta Amino levulinate ALA ii Uses ALA synthase lose carbon dioxide and CoA vitamin B6 requirement coenzyme iii Takes place in mitochondria and then moved to cytosol where rest of reaction takes place iv Structure do not need to know 3 Porphyrins are synthesized from glycine and succinyl coenzyme A a Rate limiting step b Where is heme made Every cell but mostly in bones c Heme Biosynthetic pathway memorize d Uroporphyrinogen III i Add Co for B12 in bacteria ii Add Mg for chlorophyll in bacteria and plants iii Add Ni for F430 in methane producing bacteria iv Add Fe for Heme in myoglobin hemoglobin catalase etc in plants animals and bacteria e Heme degradation i f ii The green color in a bruse is biliverdin iii Happens in spleen and bone marrow iv Only reaction that produces CO v Bilirubin less water soluble binds to albumin then goes to liver Handout 2 25 i Bilirubin redish yellow color that contributes to plasma color takes the glucuronate from 2UDP glucuronate to make Bilirubin diglucuronide water soluble intermediate and 2UDP ii Bilirubin diglucuronide is converted to Bile then in the small intenstine to feces composed of stercobilinogen stercobinin urobilin contributes to yellow of urine and bilirubin which all contribute to brown of feces iii Glucose is oxidized twice at 6C and make UDPG then converted to UDPglucuronate which is an important for removing drugs from our system it makes them water soluble and goes out in urine or feces iv When don t get rid of bilirubin causes jaundice icterus excessive RBC breakage hemolytic impaired liver function hepatic liver cancer bile duct obstruction obstructive immature liver function neonatal excess bilirubin makes skin and eyes yellow v Bilirubin has positive antioxidant bilirubin converts ROOH to ROH and negative effects bilirubin can uncouple oxidative phosphorylation 4 Porphyrins accumulate in some inherited disorders of porphyrin metabolism a Disorders of heme synthesis porphyrias b Congenital erythropoieticporphyrias i lack of cosynthase can t make cyclic molecule ii Redish urine iii Uropophyrinogen III not synthesized c Acute intermittent porphyria most prevalent i Accumulation of porphobilinogen and ALA ii Abdominal pain and neurological dysfunction XVII Chapter 25 Nucleotide Biosynthesis A Nucleotides can be synthesized by de novo or salvage pathways 1 Nomenclature of Bases nucleosides and nucleotides memorize 2 Summary of nucleotide synthesis a Pyrimidine nucleotide Asp CP Orotate PRPP UMP UTTP or UTP CTP b Purine nucleotide R 5 P reduction of ATP to AMP PRPP ATP or GTP 3 Difference between a neucleotide and a nucleoside is a phosphate group B The pyrimidine ring is assembled de novo or recovered by salvage pathways 1 De novo pathway for pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis a b Pyrimidine synthesis in cytosol 2 Bicarbonate and other oxygenated carbon compounds are activated by phosphorylation 3 The side chain of glutamine can be hydrolyzed to generate ammonia glutamine is source of ammonia and is channeled through enzyme to react with other sites 4 Intermediates can move between active sites by channeling
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