BBMB 405 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture XV. Chapter 23: Protein Turnover and Amino Acid CatabolismF. Carbon atoms of degraded amino acids emerge as major metabolic intermediatesE. Inborn errors of metabolism can disrupt amino acid degradationOutline of Current Lecture XVI. Chapter 24: The biosynthesis of Amino AcidsA. Nitrogen fixation: Microorganisms use ATP and a powerful reductant to reduce atmosphere nitrogen to ammoniaB. Amino acids are made from intermediates of citric acid cycle and other major pathwaysC. Feedback inhibition regulates amino acid biosynthesisD. Amino acids are precursors of many biomoleculesCurrent LectureXVI. Chapter 24: The biosynthesis of Amino AcidsA. Nitrogen fixation: Microorganisms use ATP and a powerful reductant to reduce atmosphere nitrogen to ammonia1. Glutamate dehydrogenaseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Glutamate synthetase (minimize ammonia concentration and make amino acids)B. Amino acids are made from intermediates of citric acid cycle and other major pathways1. Arginine is needed requirement as babies, but otherwise classified as nonessential amino acid2. THFA (Tetrahyrdofolatic acid): enzyme form of folic acid, in green leafy vegetables3. Serine + THFA glycine + methyleneTHFA + H2O4. Folic acid is required because we can’t hook benzoate to pteridine (N bonded to pteridine)5. Sulfa drugs inhibit forming this bond and is used to treat microbes that make own THFA6. Dificiency of folic acid: anemia (make nucleotides for DNA), neutral tube defects in fetus (spina bifida)7. Require 400 micrograms/day of folic acid8. Carbon groups carried by THFA can be of various oxidative states9. Handout (2/20) Synthesis of non-essential amino acids in animals: MEMORIZE10. S-Adenosylmethionine is major donor of methyl groups; Folic acid can donate/accept methyl groupsa.b. Homocysteine can be converted to alpha-KG or can go into below reactionc.d.e. Take methyl and make SAM to make other moleculesf. High concentrations of homocysteine increases risk for heart disease; lower by utilization of homocysteine, take vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid to stimulate pathways that utilize molecule11. Phosphoenolpyruvatechorismate aromatic amino acid12. Glyphosphate inhibit shikimate 3-phosphate to 5-Enolpyruvate shikimateC. Feedback inhibition regulates amino acid biosynthesis (Skip)D. Amino acids are precursors of many biomolecules1. Synthesis of N containing acids from amino acidsa. Adenineb. Cytosinec. Sphingosine (lipids)d. Histamine: made from histadine, causes swellinge. Thyroxine: precursor is tyrosinef. Epinephrine: precursor is tyrosineg. Serotonin: precursor is tryptophanh. Nicotinamide unit of NAD+2. Handout (2/23)a. Creatine phosphateb. Tyrosine: tyrosine is iodinated in thyroid gland to create thyroglobin; also can create dopamine which is a neurotransmitter and when deficient Parkinson’s disease
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